Fumana ulwazi: ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo kwisayensi
Inzululwazi luqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo olubandakanya kwaye lulungelelanise ulwazi ngohlobo lweengqikelelo ezingqinisisekayo kunye noqikelelo malunga nendalo iphela. Namhlanje, yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini okanye amathathu aphambili: isayensi yendalo, ebandakanya ifiziksi, ikhemistri, kunye nebhayoloji, kunye nenzululwazi yezentlalo, ebandakanya isayikholoji, inzululwazi ngentlalontle, kunye nezoqoqosho.
Umahluko wokuqala okhankanywe kumhlathi odlulileyo ufunda umhlaba wenyama, ngelixa owesibini uvavanya abantu kunye noluntu. Kukwangenzeka ukuba ukhankanye iinzululwazi ezisesikweni, ezinje ngengqiqo, imathematika, kunye nethiyori yokubala inzululwazi, ezisistim zokufunda ezilawulwa zii-axioms kunye nemithetho. Ukuba ungathanda ukufunda ngakumbi ngalo mxholo, siyakumema ukuba ufunde iincwadi esizikhethele kwisayensi.
Iincwadi ezigqwesileyo kwisayensi
Cosmos (2004), nguCarl Sagan
Le ncwadi, iklasikhi yabo bonke abathandi besayensi, kunye nesiseko esihle sokungena kule ngqeqesho, ibeka isayensi kwitheyibhile kwimeko yobuninzi bomntu, ukuphuhlisa ngokusebenzisa amaphepha ayo indlela ulwazi lwendalo yonke luye lwakhokelela ngayo ekuziphendukeleni koluntu. Ukwengeza, Isihloko semishini yasemajukujukwini ethunyelwe ukuhlola iiplanethi ezikufutshane noMhlaba sisonjululwe.
Ngokufanayo, umbhali ugxininisa ngokukhethekileyo kwimvelaphi yobomi, ukufa kweLanga, ukuvela kweminyele eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-genesis yezinto, kunye namanye amalanga kunye nehlabathi. Umsebenzi usekelwe kwiinkqubo ezenziwa nguNjingalwazi uCarl Sagan kumabonwakude, kwaye inemizekeliso engaphezu kwamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu emangalisayo.
Ucatshulwa nguCarl Sagan
- «Initrogen ekwiDNA yethu, ikhalsiyam emazinyweni ethu, i-iron esegazini lethu, ikhabhoni ekwipayi yama-apile… zonke zadalwa ngaphakathi kweenkwenkwezi ezingqubane. Senziwe ngezinto zeenkwenkwezi.
- «Singayigweba inkqubela ngenkalipho yemibuzo nobunzulu beempendulo; ukuze sibe nesibindi sokufumana inyaniso kunokuba sivuye koko kusenza sizive sonwabile.”
Ufuzo lokuzingca: iziseko zebhayoloji zokuziphatha kwethu (1990), nguRichard Dawkins
Njengencwadi kaSagan, le yinkqubo yonqulo eye yagcina abantu bezenzululwazi benomdla. Kuyo, Ingcamango yokuba umzila wemfuza ngumxholo onoxanduva lwendaleko yendalo iyakhuselwa, imfundiso esisiseko yendaleko, kungekhona ukukhethwa kwamaqela, njengoko izazi ngendaleko ziphikisana. Ngokufanayo, uDawkins, eyingcali yezilwanyana, ucacisa iziseko zebhayoloji zezilwanyana kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu.
Uhlelo lowe-1990 lunikela imibhalo esemazantsi emininzi kunye nezahluko ezibini ezongezelelekileyo kumsebenzi wokuqala: esinye ngendaleko yebhayoloji yentsebenziswano yezentlalo kunye nesinye malunga nemfuza-organism dichotomy njengomxholo wendaleko. Ngamafutshane, ngumthamo wereferensi, igqibelele kwabo bajonge ukuzintywilisela kwihlabathi elinomdla lemfuzo kunye nebhayoloji.
Richard Dawkins Ucaphula
- Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ngenye imini iikhomputha ezikrelekrele ziya kucinga ngemvelaphi yazo elahlekileyo? Ngaba nabani na kubo uya kuwa kwinyani yenkohliso yokuba bavela kubomi bangaphambili, bemiliselwe kwi-organic carbon chemistry, endaweni yemigaqo ye-elektroniki esekwe kwi-silicon yemizimba yabo?
- "Ngaba akubuhlungu ukuya engcwabeni ungakhange uzibuze ukuba kutheni wazalelwa? Ngubani, ejongene nengcamango enjalo, owayengenakutsiba ebhedini, elangazelela ukuqalisa ukufumanisa ihlabathi kwakhona aze avuye ukuba yinxalenye yalo?
Cinga ngokukhawuleza, cinga kancinci (2013), nguDaniel Kahneman
Ngumsebenzi osisiseko kwicandelo lezengqondo kunye noqoqosho lokuziphatha oluphonononga indlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo yethu xa sisenza izigqibo. Umbhali, Ophumelele ibhaso leNobel kuQoqosho, ku boniswa ubukho be iinkqubo ezimbini yengcinga: iNkqubo I-1, iyakhawuleza, inomdla kunye neemvakalelo, kunye neNkqubo 2, iyacotha, ihlalutya kwaye yenziwe ngabom.
Kuyo yonke incwadi, U-Kahneman uhlalutya indlela ezi nkqubo zimbini zisebenzisana ngayo kunye nendlela yokucalucalulwa kwengqondo kwaye iimpazamo ekugwebeni zichaphazela ukhetho lwethu lwemihla ngemihla. Ngokusebenzisa izifundo kunye nophando, ubonisa iikhonsepthi ezifana nokulahlekelwa yilahleko, ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nesiphumo sokubambelela, ebonisa indlela izigqibo zethu ezinokuthi zingabi nangqiqo naxa sikholelwa ukuba senza ngokufanelekileyo.
Ucaphula uDaniel Kahneman
- "Intembeko abantu abayifumanayo ixhomekeke kukubambisana kwebali abazama ukulakha kulwazi abanalo."
- "Zonke izinto ezahlukeneyo zengqondo ngokuzithandela, iimvakalelo, okanye umgudu womzimba utsalwa, ubuncinci ngokuyinxenye, kwiphuli yamandla engqondo."
Ubomi obungafiyo bukaHenrietta Buswele (2024), nguRebecca Skloot
Incwadi ibalisa ibali likaHenrietta Lacks, umfazi wase-Afro-oyinzala eyayibalulekile kuphando lomhlaza, njengoko wayebandezeleka kwesi sifo kwindawo yomlomo wesibeleko, waza wafa kuyo ngo-1951. I-protagonist ingumlimi oneeseli ezithathwe ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe-ziqhubeka ziphila nangona wafa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe edlulileyo, waba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiyeza.
Iiseli zikaHenrietta zazibalulekile ekudaleni isitofu sokugonya ipoliyo, Baye batyhila iimfihlelo ngeentsholongwane ezahlukahlukeneyo, bancedisa ekwenzeni inkqubela enkulu kwinzululwazi esetyenziswayo—enjengokuchumisa kwi<em>in vitro fertilization ne<em>cloning—yaye ziye zathengwa zaza zathengiswa ziilebhu ezininzi ehlabathini lonke, eziye zavelisa ingeniso kwishishini lokuxuba amayeza.
Ucatshulwa nguRebecca Skloot
- "Ungoyena mntu ubalulekileyo kwihlabathi kwaye intsapho yakhe iphila kwintlupheko. "Ukuba umama wethu ubaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi, kutheni singenako i-inshurensi yezempilo?"
- «Izazinzulu ezimnyama kunye neechwephesha, abaninzi kubo abafazi, basebenzisa iiseli ezivela kumfazi omnyama ukunceda ukusindisa ubomi bezigidi zabantu baseMelika, uninzi lwabo lumhlophe. Kwaye bayenza kwikhampasi enye, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, ukuba abasemagunyeni belizwe babeqhuba izifundo ezidumileyo zegcushuwa yaseTuskegee.
Indoda egqibe umfazi wayo ngomnqwazi (2009), ngu-Oliver Sacks
Lo msebenzi uqulunqwe zizincoko ezingamashumi amabini anesine ezithi, ngokulandelelana, zahlulwe zibe ngamacandelo amane: Ilahleko, Ukugqithisa, Ukugqabhuka y Ihlabathi elilula. Icandelo ngalinye lijongana nomba othile wemisebenzi yobuchopho bomntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iinxalenye ezimbini zokuqala zithetha ngeentsilelo kunye neembuyekezo, zibeka ugxininiso kwi-hemisphere efanelekileyo.
Kwelinye icala, Icandelo lesithathu kunye nelesine linikezelwe ekuchazeni ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenomenological ezihambelana neenkumbulo ezizenzekelayo, kunye nemibono etshintshileyo yengqondo kunye neempawu ezingaqhelekanga ezinokuthi zenzeke kubantu abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni.
Ucatshulwa nguOliver Sacks
- "Kukho iziphene, izifo, kunye nokuphazamiseka okunokuthi kudlale indima ephazamisayo, ukutyhila amandla, uphuhliso, ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo, iindlela zobomi ezifihlakeleyo, ezinokungaze zibonwe, okanye zicingelwe, xa zingekho."
- “Xa ukholo kwimifanekiso engokwesithethe—iidemon, amagqwirha, okanye iihadi—lulahleka, abantu abatsha bathabatha indawo yabo: abasemzini, iziboniso ezivela ‘kubomi bangaphambili.’”
Imvelaphi yeentlobo (1988), nguCharles Darwin
Ukuba sithetha ngeeklasikhi zesayensi, asinakukwazi ukukhankanya Imvelaphi yeentlobo, incwadi ebisebenza njengodonga oluthwala imithwalo ecacisa iziseko zebhayoloji yale mihla. Kwisicatshulwa, Umbhali uveza ithiyori yakhe yendaleko ngokhetho lwendalo, izinto ezithe, nangona sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, zihlala zisisiseko sokufunda ngezilwanyana nabantu.
Umqulu waba yimpumelelo kwiintlelo zawo zokuqala, ubuza imibuzo, kude kube ngoko, akukho mntu wayenobuganga bokubuza. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba, ngelo xesha, Lo mbhalo wavusa impikiswano edlamkileyo kuluntu lwenzululwazi naphakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kuluntu lwelo xesha., kuba ingcamango kaDarwin icel’ umngeni iinkolelo ezithile zelo xesha.
Iingcaphuno ezivela kuCharles Darwin
- "Ayisiyiyo eyona inamandla kwiintlobo ezisindayo, okanye eyona nto ikrelekrele.
- "Umntu wehla kuboya, unomsila onama-quadruped, mhlawumbi i-arboreal kwimikhwa yayo."
Imbali emfutshane kakhulu yexesha (2018), nguStephen Hawking
Kule ncwadi, uNjingalwazi ongasekhoyo uStephen Hawking uphendula imibuzo ebalulekileyo: “Yavela phi icosmos?”, “Ngaba kukho isiqalo kwixesha?”, “Ngaba Indalo iphela ayinasiphelo? Isicatshulwa luhlobo oluthile lokulula umthengisi wakhe Imbali yexesha, umbhalo owayiguqula ngokupheleleyo imbali yenzululwazi, ukanti wawungaqondwa ngabo bonke abaphulaphuli.
Ekubeni u-Hawking wayekholelwa ukuba wonke umntu kufuneka afikelele kulwazi, wenza isihloko esifundeka ngakumbi, ngelixa egcina yonke into ephambili yezinto zangaphambili. Iimfihlakalo zehlabathi, ubomi, kunye nefiziksi yethiyori zithiwe thaca apha.
UStephen Hawking Quotes
- “Siluhlanga oluhambele phambili nje lweenkawu kwisijikelezi-langa esincinane seenkwenkwezi. Kodwa sinokuyiqonda iNdalo.
- "Injongo yam ilula: ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indalo yonke, kutheni iyindlela, kwaye kutheni ikhona."
- "Ekubeni kukho umthetho ofana nomxhuzulane, iNdalo yonke inokubakho kwaye yaba yinto engekhoyo."
