
Iilwimi zesiSpanish
IsiCastilian - esisetyenziswa ngoku sithetha isithethantonye se "Spanish" - lulwimi olunabantu abathetha abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 abasasazwa kwihlabathi liphela, ilulwimi lwenkobe lwesibini kunye nesesithathu ngokwenani labathetha umthonyama. Kuyo yonke imbali yayo iphuhlise iintlobo ngeentlobo zeelwimi zezizwana kunye nezigxina, ezibonisa iimeko ezahlukeneyo zembali, zejografi kunye nezenkcubeko esetyenziswa kuzo.
Kweli nqaku Injongo kukujongana ngokufutshane nembali kunye nokuvela kweelwimi ezahlukeneyo zeSpanish, ukusuka kwiingcambu zayo ukuya kwimeko yayo yangoku. Ngokunjalo, ifuna ukuqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwisazisi senkcubeko yabantu abathetha iSpanish kunye nokukhula okubonakalayo kwempembelelo yayo kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, apho amagcisa ayiguqule yaba yinto ephantse ibe yimidiya yoluntu.
Ujongo lwembali kwimvelaphi yeSpanish
IsiCastilian Yavela njengenguquko yeVulgar Latin ethethwa kwingingqi yaseCastile, kumantla kuSingasiqithi weIberia, ebudeni beenkulungwane zokuqala zamaXesha Aphakathi. Ngokuwa koBukhosi baseRoma ngenkulungwane ye-5, iVulgar Latin yaqala ukuqhekeka yaziintlobo ngeentlobo zengingqi, ivelisa oko kubizwa ngokuba ziilwimi zesiRomance, kubandakanya isiCastilian, isiCatalan nesiGalician.
UBukumkani baseCastile badlala indima ephambili kumanyano lweelwimi lwaseSpeyin ngexesha leReconquista, isiganeko esenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane yesi-8 neye-15, xa imikhosi yamaKristu yandisa imimandla yayo emazantsi. Njengoko iReconquista yayiqhubela phambili, isiCastilian safunxa iinxalenye zeelwimi zesiMozarabic nesiArabhu. ithethwa kwimimandla eyoyisiweyo.
Ngokomzekelo, amagama amaninzi Ama-Arabhu—anjengomqamelo, umnquma, nosodolophu—afakwa kwisigama seSpanish., kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuxhaphake kakhulu namhlanje. Utshintsho lwenzeka ngo-1492 kunye neziganeko ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: ukupapashwa kwe Igrama yolwimi lwesiSpanish nguAntonio de Nebrija - igrama yokuqala yolwimi lwanamhlanje lwaseYurophu-, ukugxothwa kwama-Arabhu kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia kunye nokuqala kobukoloniyali baseMelika.
Ukwahluka kweSpanish: ukuvela kweelwimi zezizwana
Ukumanyana kwezopolitiko kunye nokwanda kobukhosi kwaqinisekisa ukusasazeka kweCastilian ngaphaya kwe-Iberia Peninsula. Ngaxeshanye, ukwanda kolwimi kwimimandla emikhulu, eYurophu naseMelika, eAfrika naseAsia, kukhokelele ekuveleni kweelwimi ezininzi zezizwana. Ezi zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: abantu baseYurophu nabaseMelika (nangona ngaphakathi kwi-niche nganye kukho ukuhlukahluka okukhulu).
1. Iilwimi zesiSpanish eSpeyin
ESpeyin, iSpanish siye sahlala kunye nezinye iilwimi zesiRomance ezifana nesiGalician kunye neCatalan, kunye nePaleo-European Basque. —okanye isiBasque—, ethi, nayo, ibe nempembelelo kwindaleko yayo. Iziyelelane zepeninsular Spanish ziquka ezi nguqulelo zilandelayo.
Emantla eCastilian
Ithethwe kwi emantla eSpain. Ithathwa njengesiseko seSpanish esiqhelekileyo. Ibonakaliswe ngokusetyenziswa ngamandla kokwahlula phakathi /s/ kunye /z/-njengasekuzingelweni kunye nekhaya-kunye ne-apicoalveolar pronunciation ye-/s/.
IsiAndalusi
Ivela kumazantsi eSpain, Olu lwimi luneempawu ezizodwa ezinjengomnqweno okanye ukususwa kwesiphelo /s/. Umzekelo: igama elithi "ezimbini" liba "yenza." Kwakhona rhoqo kukusetyenziswa kwe-lisp okanye i-seseo kunye nokubiza okukhululekile okuphembelela iSpanishi saseMelika.
Canary
Kuthethwa kwiCanary Islands, Lo mahluko ubonisa impembelelo ye-Andalusian Spanish kunye nezinto zesiPhuthukezi. I-Seseo iphambili, kwaye isichazi-magama sibandakanya amagama emvelaphi yaseGuanche, ulwimi lwemveli lweziqithi.
2. Iilwimi zesiSpanish eMelika
I-colonization yaseMelika yaphawula ukuqala kokwahlukana kweSpanish kwilizwekazi. Ukufika kwiLizwe elitsha, abahlali bamakholoni beza neendidi ezahlukeneyo zeCastilian, ngakumbi iAndalusian kunye ne-Extremaduran. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezi ndidi zixutywe neelwimi zomthonyama nezaseAfrika. okubangela ukuba kubekho iziyelelane ezaziwayo namhlanje. Phakathi kwezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
IiCaribbean
Ifumaneka kumazwe afana neCuba, iDominican Republic, iVenezuela kunye nonxweme lweCaribbean eColombia. Ibonakaliswe ngomnqweno okanye ukuchithwa kweyokugqibela / s / kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kweeconsonants zolwelo / r/ kunye / l/ - umzekelo, xa igama elithi "puerta" liguqulwa libe yi "puelta" -. Ngokunjalo, isingqisho somculo esibonakalisa iimpembelelo zaseAfrika siyabonakala.
I-River Plate
Kuthethwa eArgentina, eUruguay nakwiindawo zaseParaguay, olu lwimi lwahlulwa kukusetyenziswa kwe voseo. Umzekelo woku kukusetyenziswa kuka "unayo" endaweni yokuthi "unayo." Enye yeempawu zayo yindlela izithethi ezibiza ngayo /ll/ kunye /y/, ziguqula isandi sazo sibe luhlobo luka-/sh/.
eMexico okanye kuMbindi waseMelika
Ixhaphake kakhulu eMexico nakuMbindi Merika, Esi lwimi saziwa ngokucaca kwindlela yokubiza amagama kunye nempembelelo yayo etyebileyo yeelwimi zomthonyama njengesiNahuatl, isiMayan nesiQuechua. Amagama amaninzi anemvelaphi enjalo, njengetshokholethi, itumata kunye nekoko, ayinxalenye yombulelo weSpanish jikelele kulo mmandla.
Andean
Kuthethwa kumazwe afana nePeru, iBolivia, i-Ecuador kunye neenxalenye zeColombia. Lo mahluko ubonisa impembelelo enamandla yolwimi lwesiQuechua nesi-Aymara, kwisichazi-magama nakwilizwi.
Chilean
Iphawulwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo yokubiza amagama apho iikhonsoni zokugqibela zikholisa ukuthamba okanye zinyamalale. Umzekelo ogqibeleleyo wokuchaza lo mahluko uboniswe kwisenzi esithi "estar", ethi, eChile, libizwe ngokuthi "etá". Ulwimi lwengingqi lukwahlulwe sisichazi-magama sasekuhlaleni esityebileyo ngezaci kunye nezingqisho zentetho ezikhawuleza kakhulu.
Izinto eziphembelele i-dialectal evolution yeSpanish
Impembelelo yeelwimi zasekuhlaleni
EMelika, ukunxibelelana neelwimi zomthonyama ezifana nesiNahuatl, IsiGuaraní nesiMapuche basityebisa iSpanish ngamagama namabinzana aqhelekileyo kwezi zithethe.
Ukwahlulwa ngokwejografi
Imigama phakathi kwabantu abathetha iSpanish ithande ukwenziwa kweempawu ezizodwa zasekuhlaleni, ngakumbi ukuba impembelelo yabo babengamakholoni kunye namaqela athile omthonyama ahlala kummandla ngamnye athathelwa ingqalelo.
Imiba yentlalontle
Ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, ukurhweba, kunye neenkqubo zembali ezifana nokuzimela kwamazwe aseMelika nazo zabumba iziyelelane ezikhoyo, kunye nezo zizayo. Kuyimfuneko ukukhumbula ukuba ulwimi sisakheko sentlalo, into ephilayo eguqukayo ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye oko kuxhomekeke kwizithethi zayo.
ISpanish kwihlabathi lanamhlanje: ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nomgangatho
Kule mihla, Amajelo eendaba, imfundo kunye nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuthande ukubekwa emgangathweni kweSpanish. I-Royal Spanish Academy (i-RAE) kunye nezikolo zelizwe ngalinye zisebenze ukudibanisa imithetho yegrama kunye nopelo, iqinisekisa ukuqondana phakathi kwezithethi.
Nangona kunjalo, Iilwimi zengingqi kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo zihlala ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesazisi senkcubeko. Kumculo, ifilimu kunye noncwadi, izigxina zasekuhlaleni kunye namazwi atyebisa iSpanishi yehlabathi, ebonisa ukuba iyantlukwano ingamandla. Ngokufanayo, iinethiwekhi zentlalo ziye zazisa ulwazi olutsha etafileni, kwandisa umdla kulwimi.
Ulwimi olunye, amazwi amaninzi
Imbali kunye nokuvela kweelwimi zesiSpanishi zibonisa indlela ulwimi olunokuthi luziqhelanise ngayo kwaye luchume kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko kunye nejografi. Ulwimi ngalunye lububungqina bobutyebi bembali nenkcubeko yoluntu oluthethayo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ngamnye kubo asebenze.
Ngaphezulu komqobo, ukwahlukana kwentetho yeSpanish yifestile kubuninzi bamava abantu., isikhumbuzo sokuba ulwimi luyimbonakaliso ephilayo yabo balusebenzisayo. Ukubhiyozela le yantlukwano kubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuxabiseni ubukhulu bokwenyani beSpanish njengolwimi lwehlabathi.