Phakathi kweengozi kunye neenyani: ezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo kumachiza
Ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organization (WHO), iziyobisi “yiyo nayiphi na into ekwaziyo ukuthintela okanye ukunyanga isifo.” Nangona kunjalo, kwi-colloquial slang, eli gama lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kwizinto ezisebenza kwengqondo, kwaye ngakumbi, kwiziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni, ezidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokungekho zonyango, ukuzilawula, kunye nenjongo yokufumana ulonwabo.
Ingxaki ngeli gama lisetyenziswe kwimixholo yomibini ngumgca ococekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezisemthethweni kunye nezingekho mthethweni. Ngaxeshanye, Ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamachiza angekho mthethweni kubangela ukuhamba kwemarike yonke engalawulwayo, imekobume apho ubomi bezigidi zabantu busengozini mihla le. Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi, nalu uluhlu lwezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo ngamachiza.
Kodwa okokuqala, umxholo omncinci
Imvelaphi yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngobuninzi
Iziyobisi bezisoloko ziyinxalenye yobunyani bomntu. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, Ababingeleli bezizwe ngezizwe bawasebenzisela ukufikelela kumazwe atshintshileyo isazela, bafikelele kwimimoya baze banxibelelane nezinyanya zabo. Nangona kunjalo, amachiza esiwaziyo namhlanje aqale aphunyezwa kwimeko yeklinikhi, apho asetyenziselwa ukunyanga iimpawu ezahlukeneyo.
Iziyobisi ezifana ne-opium, intsangu, i-cocaine, i-MDMA, kunye ne-LSD zihlala ziyinxalenye yezixhobo zengqondo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngaphandle kwesi silungiselelo kuhlala kungekho mthethweni. Nangona kunjalo, Kukho ezinye izinto, ezifana nekofu, utywala okanye inicotine, ezilawulwa kwaye zinikezelwa ngokusemthethweni. kubemi behlabathi. Oku kuziphatha kuphakamisa umbuzo: zeziphi iikhrayitheriya zokuvalwa?
Kwiikhrayitheriya eziyinyani zokuthintelwa kweziyobisi
Ukuba njalo Utywala, icuba, ikofu kunye neswekile zikhobokisa ngokulinganayo kwaye ziyingozi ebantwini. Ngokomzekelo, i<em>heroin ne<em>cocaine, kutheni iziyobisi zangaphambili zinandipha ukulungelelaniswa, ngoxa ezi zamva zithotyelwe ekubeni zingekho mthethweni? Ngaphandle kokunqwenela ukukhusela naluphi na uhlobo lokusetyenziswa oluvelisa umlutha okanye ukungonwabi, kuyafuneka ukuba ugxininise ukuba iindlela ezigcina iziyobisi ezinzima ebumnyameni azinxulumananga nempilo, kodwa kunopolitiko nentlalontle.
Apha sinokucaphula ityala lentsangu, eyaye yenziwa ulwaphulo-mthetho e-US ikakhulu ngenxa yamaphulo obuhlanga anxulumene nabafuduki baseMexico kunye noluntu lwase-Afrika-lwaseMelika. Kwelinye icala, I-opium yavalwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kumazwe aseNtshona, kwinqanaba elithile, ngenxa yokungavisisani nabaphambukeli baseTshayina.
Shwa nkathelo: Amanye amachiza asemthethweni afana notywala kunye necuba anemarike ekhoyo nokuvelisa iirhafu koorhulumente. Ziyingozi kwaye zikhobokisa, kodwa zilawulwa ngenxa yokuba zibonisa umthombo wengeniso. Kwelinye icala, ezinye iziyobisi ezingekho phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente-ezifana ne-cocaine okanye i-heroin-zibonwa njengezoyikiso kulawulo olufanayo.
Iincwadi ezigqwesileyo kwiziyobisi
Konke malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye neziphumo zayo zempilo, indlela yokoyisa ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi: indlela yokoyisa iziyobisi (2022), nguAngus Miller
Ukukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi kudla ngokuphathwa njengesifo. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba umntu okhotyokisiweyo akazazi ngokupheleleyo, akakwazi ukuzinyamekela okanye ukukhusela abanye. Ngendlela efanayo, Umntu onengxaki yokukhotyokiswa kudla ngokuphulukana nemisebenzi yakhe, abantu abathandayo kwaye, ngokubanzi, isikhokelo sobukho bakhe.. Le ncwadi ijonge ukunceda abantu kunye neentsapho ukuba babaleke kumgibe wobukhoboka.
Kumaphepha ayo unokufumana izihloko ezinjengokuthi "Konke malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye neentlobo", "Iziphumo Zempilo," "Indlela Yokuxelela Ukuba Umntu Ulikhoboka leZiyobisi," "Indlela Iziyobisi Ezibachaphazela Ngayo Abaselula," kunye "Nokoyisa Iziyobisi." Inyathelo lokuqala ekusombululeni ingxaki kukuqonda ubunzima obukhoyo, nto leyo ethethwa ngumbhali.
Imbali jikelele yamachiza (1999), nguAntonio Escohotado
Lo ngumsebenzi omkhulu ophonononga unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu kunye nezinto ezisebenza kwengqondo ukusuka kumaxesha amandulo ukuya kwixesha langoku. UAntonio Escohotado, isithandi sobulumko saseSpain kunye nentlalontle, inika uhlalutyo olubanzi olubandakanya imbali, inkcubeko, imiba yezonyango kunye nezopolitiko yamachiza, ukushenxa kwii-clichés zokuziphatha eziye zalawula iintetho ezisemthethweni.
Kuyo yonke incwadi, Escohotado amaxwebhu amasiko, ukusetyenziswa kweyeza kunye nokuzonwabisa kwezi zinto kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo -ukusuka kwiinkcubeko ze-shamanic ukuya kwi-pharmacology yanamhlanje-kwaye igxininisa indlela iimbono zamachiza eziye zabunjwa ngakumbi ngolawulo lwentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kuneendlela zesayensi.
Amandla omlutha (2024), nguPedro Tomás Martínez kunye noMari Carmen Tomás Martínez
Esi sisincoko esijongana nemigaqo yokuba likhoboka lotywala, esiquka ithiyori, ubuqu, kunye nemiba ephathekayo. Izinto ezenza umsebenzi zinceda umfundi ukuba aqonde into yokuba likhoboka., ukusuka kwi-etymology yegama ukuya kwiindlela zokubuyisela ukuba umntu ofuna ukushiya ihlabathi leziyobisi angalandela. Olu xwebhu lubandakanya uphando kunye nobungqina.
Lo mbhalo uye waba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo, zombini kubantu abachatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngumlutha kunye neengcali ezisebenza imihla ngemihla ukunceda amakhoboka kunye neentsapho zabo. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuba inkqubo yokuphilisa ithande ukuba buhlungu kwaye icinezele, kodwa Ukuba nezixhobo kuyenza igaywe kancinci.
Isikhokelo sovavanyo kunye nonyango lweziyobisi (2017), nguP. Levounis kunye, E. Zerbo
Esi sisikhokelo esilungiselelwe iingcali, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zithini na inqanaba loqeqesho, ukunyanga izigulane ezinomlutha. Umxholo wayo wohlulwe ube ziibhloko ezintathu ezinkulu: Iziseko zokulutha, izinto kunye nokuziphatha, kunye noNyango. Kuzo, ababhali bajongana nezihloko ezinje ngokuthi "I-Neurobiology of Addiction" kunye "Indlela yokuQaphela kunye nokuPhatha ukuxilwa, ukuhoxiswa, kunye nokulutha kwizinto ezifana noTywala."
nayo, Incwadi iphakamisa izisombululo zokunyanga iziyobisi kwi-steroids, i-anabolic androgenic steroids, i-benzodiazepines, i-cannabis, i-opiates, i-stimulants kunye necuba, kunye nezinto ze-hallucinogenic, i-inhalants okanye i-caffeine. Kukwakho nezahluko ezithile malunga nezonyango kunye nezifo zengqondo kwiindawo ezithile ezisengozini.
