Ubulungisa ePhepha: Ezona Ncwadi ziBalaseleyo kuMthetho
Umthetho (okanye isayensi yezomthetho) inokuchazwa njengoluhlu lwemigaqo kunye nemimiselo, ngokuqhelekileyo iphefumlelwe ngeengcamango zobulungisa kunye nocwangco, ezijongene nokulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu kulo naluphi na uluntu lwentando yesininzi, kwaye ukuthotyelwa kwayo kunokunyanzeliswa ngokunyanzeliswa okanye ngokusebenzisa amandla oluntu. Ekubeni kungekho nkcazelo ekuvunyelwene ngayo yeli gama, inokugqalwa njengenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa.
Umthetho ngomnye weyona migaqo midala yempucuko, kwaye iye yavela ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kuxhomekeka kwindawo kunye nomxholo. Njengesiqhelo, inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemimandla efana nembali, ezopolitiko, intlalontle, ezoqoqosho kunye nefilosofi. Ukuqonda ngcono i-spectrum epheleleyo, siyakumema ukuba ujonge uluhlu lwethu lwezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo zomthetho.
Iincwadi ezigqwesileyo zomthetho
INkosana (2019), nguNiccolo Machiavelli
Le ncwadi, eyabhalwa okokuqala ngo-1513 kwaye yapapashwa emva kokufa, yingxelo yezopolitiko umbhali owadala ukucebisa-kwaye, ngendlela efihliweyo, ucela umsebenzi ku-Lorenzo de Médici. Amazwi akhe, ngoko zibalulekile namhlanje njengakwiGenesis yabo, Abonisa iimpawu afanele abe nazo umlawuli olungileyo. Umthamo ubalaseleyo kuye nawuphi na umfundi wezomthetho ofuna ukuqonda ezopolitiko.
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa ngokungaqhelekanga kwegama lombhali ukubhekisa ku-a ukuziphatha okukhohlisayo okanye ubuqhophololo -jonga igama elithi "Machiavellianism"-, Oku kuhlala kungumbhalo obalulekileyo ofuna ukufundisa ookumkani ezo ngcinga, ezithi, zenziwe ngengqondo, zinokukhokelela bona kunye nabantu babo ekusebenzelaneni okusebenzayo.
Ucatshulwa nguNiccolò Machiavelli
- "Inkosi kufuneka izenze ukuba yoyike ukuze xa ingakwazi ukuphumelela uthando lwabantu, ikwazi ukuphepha inzondo."
- «Amadoda aqhutywa ikakhulu ziimpembelelo ezimbini; mhlawumbi ngenxa yothando okanye uloyiko.
- "Indlela yokuqala yokuvavanya ubukrelekrele bomlawuli kukujonga amadoda amjikelezileyo."
ILeviyatan (1651), nguThomas Hobbes
Kule classic, Umbhali udala umzobo okrwada kunye nongaqwalaselwanga wemeko yomntu., ayichaza njengokuzingca, ukhuphiswano, nokoyika ukufa okunogonyamelo. Kuye, yinyani leyo esihlala kuyo sonke, silwa rhoqo kumlo onzima wokusinda. Kodwa ngaba konke oku? Ngaba akukho nto yimbi kumntu esinguye enokusisindisa?
Ngokutsho kombhali, kukho, kwaye akukho nto enye kwaye akukho nto ingaphantsi, urhulumente onamandla, eyenziwe ngabantu abanyulwe sisininzi sabantu, abanokuthi bancame kubo uninzi lwamalungelo abo, benethemba lokuba abameli babo baya kwenza uRhulumente ube yi-panacea, okanye ubuncinane indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala.
Ucatshulwa nguThomas Hobbes
- "Isiseko salo lonke uluntu olukhulu kunye oluhlala luhlala aluzange lube nentando efanayo abantu ababenayo omnye nomnye, kodwa ngoloyiko lwabo."
- "Umntu okhululekileyo ngulowo, unamandla kunye netalente yokwenza into, akafumani miqobo kwintando yakhe."
- "Emfazweni, amandla kunye nobuqhetseba zizinto ezimbini ezilungileyo."
Umoya weMithetho (1748), nguBaron de Montesquieu
Lo ngowona mbhalo utyhilayo wexesha loKhanya., apho umbhali ongumFrentshi ethetha ngeengcamango ezintathu ezisisiseko ngaphakathi komthetho: amandla okulawula, amandla omthetho kunye negunya lokugweba, kwaye, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, indlela ezi ngcamango zintathu zisebenzisana ngayo. IMontesquieu, ibaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili, ikhuthaza ulungelelwaniso kunye nokwahlulwa kwamagunya.
Ingcamango kukuba nganye kwezi zintathu zilawula ezinye, ngelixa zilawula enye kwenye. Nangona isenokubonakala ingenamsebenzi, le nkcazo-bungcali yokwahlulwa kwamagunya ayizange iphile kuphela ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kodwa. Isetyenziswa kuwo onke amazwe alawulwa yidemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko yehlabathi, nabafundi bakhe bezomthetho, amagqwetha naye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela uRhulumente abunjwa ngayo, ufanele ayifunde.
Ucatshulwa nguBaron de Montesquieu
- "Xa amadoda ethembisa umfazi ukuba baya kumthanda, bahlala becinga ukuba uthembisa ukuba uya kuhlala enobubele kubo."
- "Abantu abangenanto yokwenza badla ngokuthetha kakhulu: xa becinga kwaye benze izinto, bathetha kancinci."
- «Amasiko enza imithetho, abafazi benza amasiko; “Ngoko ke, abafazi benza imithetho.
Isivumelwano sentlalontle (1762), nguJean-Jacques Rousseau
Kwincwadi yakhe, Ifilosofi yesiFrentshi kunye nezopolitiko zithetha ngokulingana kunye nenkululeko yabantu ngaphakathi kwimeko eyenziwe "ngesivumelwano sentlalontle." Oku kuqondwa njengokusetyenziswa kolongamo lomntu ngamnye, lwentlanganisela, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, lwelizwe. Lo msebenzi bekumele ukuba uquka iincwadi ezine, kodwa yiprojekthi engekagqitywa uRousseau wayishiyayo.
Kuyo yonke imbali, bekukho iincwadi zenguqu ezitshintshe ihlabathi, ziguqula indlela esizibona ngayo thina noluntu lwethu. Injalo imeko ye Isivumelwano sentlalontle, ngumsebenzi apho umbhali wayo wayikhusela kabukhali inkululeko yohlobo lomntu, nowathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wanceda ekukhanyiseleni iMvukelo yaseFransi.
Ucaphula uJean-Jacques Rousseau
- «Ubuntwana buneendlela zabo zokubona, ukucinga nokuziva; Akukho nto ibubudenge njengokuzama ukuzibuyisela endaweni yazo ngezethu.
- "Ukulingana kubutyebi kufuneka kubandakanye ukuba akukho mmi osisityebi kangangokuba angakwazi ukuthenga omnye, okanye uhlwempuzekile kangangokuba anyanzeliswe ukuba azithengise."
- "Zonke iinkanuko zilungile lo gama nje umntu eyinkosi yazo, kwaye zonke zibi xa zisenza amakhoboka."
Ngolwaphulo-mthetho nezohlwayo (2014), nguCesare de Beccaria kunye noVoltaire
Lo ngomnye umzekelo womsebenzi oguqule imithetho yexesha layo, echaphazela ikamva lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kule meko, isithandi sobulumko saseTaliyane kunye nomthetho ubhenca iimpawu kunye neziphene zomthetho wenkundla ngexesha lokubhalwa kwesi sicatshulwa. Umbhali ucebise uphuculo oluninzi, uninzi lwazo lwahlengahlengiswa ngempumelelo kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo.
Enyanisweni, impembelelo yombhali kunye nalo msebenzi wawungaqhelekanga kwisenzo somthetho, njengoko kubonakaliswe, kumlinganiselo omkhulu okanye omncinci, umthetho omtsha wolwaphulo-mthetho wabahlaziyi abakhulu. Ngendlela efanayo, Esi sisibongozo esichukumisayo esichasene nesigwebo sentambo, intuthumbo kunye nokungalingani phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwe kunye nezigwebo eziwisiweyo.
Ucaphula uVoltaire
- «Akuvumelekanga ukubulala; Ngoko ke, bonke ababulali bayohlwaywa ngaphandle kokuba babulala abantu abaninzi naphantsi kwesandi samaxilongo.
- "Ukuze uphumelele kwihlabathi, akwanelanga ukuba sisidenge, kufuneka ube nembeko."
- "Ukuzithanda, njengendlela yokuvelisa uluntu, kuyimfuneko, kuyasivuyisa, kwaye kufuneka siyifihle."
Idemokhrasi eMelika (1835), nguAlexis de Tocqueville
Lo ngumfanekiso omkhulu woluntu lwaseMelika lwexesha lawo.. Lo msebenzi, ngokuchanekileyo, ngumbandela osekelwe kuwo urhulumente wedemokhrasi welo lizwe-okanye kufuneka usekelwe-ubonisa indlela amaziko alo asebenza ngayo, ayimveliso yezithethe zabemi bayo kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla baseUnited States.
Konke kwaqala ngohambo lukaTocqueville oluya kuMntla Merika ukuya kufuna ulwazi ngohlaziyo lwenkqubo yentolongo. Ngaphandle kokwazi, Umbhali wenza into eyaba yenye yezona ncwadi zibalulekileyo kwithiyori yezopolitiko kunye nokuchazwa kwembali yamaxesha anamhlanje. Yintoni eyenza ukuba ibe yiklasikhi yindibaniselwano yayo ethile yokujonga, ukudibanisa ngokubanzi kunye ne-intuition.
Ucatshulwa ngu-Alexis de Tocqueville
- "Uluntu lusengozini kungekhona ngenxa yenkunkuma yabambalwa, kodwa ngenxa yokungakhathali kokuziphatha kwabo bonke."
- "Inkululeko ayinakusekwa ngokungalingani; ngoko ke, kufuneka isekelwe kwinyani yedemokhrasi yeemeko ezilinganayo."
- "Iidemokhrasi zezona ndlela zifanelekileyo zokulawula uluntu olunoxolo."
- "Kufuneka uqhele ukuhlala neentshaba zakho, kuba awukwazi ukwenza wonke umntu abe ngumhlobo wakho."
Umphefumlo we toga (2007), ngu-Ángel Ossorio
Okokugqibela, sinencwadi ekufuneka ifundwe ligqwetha ngalinye lexesha elizayo, isicatshulwa esiquka izincoko ezahlukeneyo ezibuza isimilo, intembeko, kunye nengqibelelo yoluntu yamagqwetha. Oku, Isimemo esivela kumbhali sokugocagoca kowona mbono wobuntu womsebenzi wezomthetho, yabhalwa emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu yokusebenza kuka-Ossorio. Ecinga ngaloo mvelaphi, waqalisa ingcaciso ecacileyo nezolileyo.
Kufuphi, Umphefumlo we toga Yincwadana yemigaqo yayo yonke into ekufuneka igqwetha elilungileyo libe yiyo kwaye lenze.: ukusuka kwindlela eyakhiwe ngayo kwaye ilawulwa ngayo ifemu yomthetho ukuya kwisiseko, esintsonkothileyo, kunye neengqikelelo ezicacileyo zobugcisa obuxabisekileyo bomthetho.
Ucatshulwa ngu-Ángel Ossorio
- "Igqwetha lokwenyani liya kuba ngumntu owenza lo msebenzi ngokunika iingcebiso zomthetho kunye nokufuna ubulungisa."
- "I-toga, ke, ayiyona ngokwayo umgangatho, kwaye xa kungekho mpawu zokwenyani phantsi kwayo, iyancitshiswa ibe yinto ehlekisayo."
- "Ukuba ligqwetha kudlula nje ukufumana isidanga somthetho."
