
Ukucamngca
Ukucamngca, Ukucinga o Ukwengeza —ngokuguqulelwa kwayo ngokusuka kwisiGrike Nceda wenze oku, Tà eis heautón, elithetha ngokoqobo izinto zakhe- ngumsebenzi woncwadi owenziwe ngothotho lwemiboniso eyabhalwa ngumlawuli waseRoma kunye nesithandi sobulumko uMarcus Aurelius. Ngokutsho kweengxelo, yabhalwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-170 ne-180 yaye, ngokucacileyo, ayinabalo-maxesha.
Esi sincoko seStoyike sinemiqulu elishumi elinesibini, kwaye, eneneni, yohlukile yohlobo lwayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umxholo wayo ubonakala ugubungela iminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bukaMarcus Aurelius, ngakumbi malunga nendlela yakhe yokucinga kunye nokwenza yedwa, xa wayenokucamngca. Uninzi lwezi ngcinga zihlala zisebenza kude kube namhlanje, ezithetha ngokubaluleka kwazo kunye nobulumko bombhali wazo.
Isishwankathelo se Ukucamngca nguMarcus Aurelius
Iingcamango zobomi: eyakho kunye neyabanye
UMarcus Aurelius wayeyindoda eyathi yayinootitshala abaninzi, kungekuphela nje abo babenembopheleleko yokumfundisa, kodwa kwanabo yena ngokwakhe wagqiba kwelokuba bafunde. Kwiingcinga zakhe, imihlathi encinci enamanani ayibhalileyo ngaloo maxesha okuvuka eyedwa, Ubulele abaqeqeshi bakhe ngoko akwazileyo ukukufunxa kuye ngamnye wabo. Ubuncinci, yile nto ihambelana ne Incwadi ka-1.
Ngaloo Incwadi ka-2, umbhali uzinikele ekubhaleni amanqaku e-autobiographical kunye nezivakalisi zakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuba akukho mnye umlinganiswa kwihlabathi lamandulo oye wanika abafundi bakhe ubungqina obunjalo obunyanisekileyo, obunzulu kunye nefilosofi yobuqu njengalo mlawuli, ekwakufuneka anxibe isigcina-sifuba kunye nemfusa yomphumi-mkhosi ebusweni bobukhosi obukhulu obabusongelwa.
Ukusukela ukugqwesa
Ngenxa yemeko entsonkothileyo efunyenwe kuyo eRoma Ngexesha likaMarcus Aurelius, wayengenathemba lokuseka iriphabliki efana nekaPlato. Nangona kunjalo, Imibhalo yakhe, kunye noko abanye ababhali babhale ngaye, kubonisa ukuba wayesoloko ezama ukuziphatha njengesithandi sobulumko seStoyike. kwaye engummi ofanelekileyo weSixeko saNaphakade, kwaye wayizuza, edlula njenge icon.
Oku kunokubonwa kwidayari yakhe engaqhelekanga, apho wabamba khona ukungaqiniseki kwakhe, iinkumbulo zombulelo ngootishala bakhe nabahlobo bakhe, isiluleko awayesoloko esiphindaphinda kuye, ukungabi nathemba kwakhe, amaxesha akhe olonwabo nothando lwakhe ngelizwe lakhe. Enkosi kuko konke oku, UMarcus Aurelius ukwazile ukubhala omnye weyona misebenzi igqibeleleyo malunga nokuba kumele kube yintoni na ulawulo loMbuso.
Umxholo we Ukucamngca nguMarcus Aurelius
Ukususela kwisahluko XII, Le ncwadi iqulethe ingcamango ngemeko yomntu, indalo, ubomi, ukufa, ithamsanqa, indalo, Ukufa kunye nemilinganiselo abantu ekufuneka okanye bakhuthazwe ngayo. Ngale ndlela, umbhali ubonakala ethathekile kwaye ethatha ibali elibi, evuma ubukhosi baseRoma kunye nolawulo lwabo njengomsebenzi onganelisiyo nolusizi.
Umlawuli uphinda aqalise isikhundla seStoyike kwimbono yokubaluleka komntu ngokubhekiselele koothixo, kunye nokujonga phezulu kokumelwa kwabantu. UMarcus Aurelius wanika ingcamango yokuthobela amagunya awongamileyo alawula ihlabathi kwindima yakhe njengengqondi kunye nesithandi sobulumko, naxa ethanda ukusaba kwihlabathi nakwizinto eziphathekayo zobomi.
"Imbudane" yobukho
Emva kokucinga ixesha elide, kwaye ejongene nethuba elingenakuthintelwa lokuba ihlabathi lingabi nangqiqo, indoda elumkileyo ayinakukhetha ngaphandle kokulandela amanyathelo ayo kwaye ibeke ixabiso elibaluleke ngakumbi kubomi bayo bomntu ngamnye. NjengoSeneca, UMarcus Aurelius wayecinga ukuba umphefumlo wahlukile emzimbeni, yaye ubunjwe ngumoya, i-pneuma, ukuphefumla okubalulekileyo kunye nengqondo.
Yayisesi sigqibo esachaza ulawulo lwakhe loBukhosi baseRoma. UMarcus Aurelius Wayifeza indima yakhe njenge-regent nge-stoicism, kodwa, kwangaxeshanye, waziva engento yanto kunye nokungabi nantsingiselo. ezivame ukugcina ukungabi nangqiqo kwabantu, okuthintela kuphela izenzo zabo ekuphishekeleni ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokukhanya komphefumlo, ukudala umjikelo wokukhungatheka okunzima ukuwuqhawula.
Inkangeleko ye Ukucamngca kaMarcus Aurelius kumazwe aseIberia
Ngowe-1528, eSeville Incwadi yeGolide kaMarcus Aurelius, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abantu bamthande baze babe nomdla kumlawuli waseRoma. Lo mqulu wabhalwa nguAntonio de Guevara, owathi kamva wayandisa kuyo iinkosana zibukele kunyaka olandelayo.
Le noveli ineentlelo ezingama-58 eziguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi, efikelela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngaphandle kokunqongophala kwedatha yembali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokucacileyo kwintelekelelo yecawa yaseSpain, le ncwadi yafumana impumelelo emangalisayo. Kuloo mxholo we-apogee yomfanekiso we-emperor ukuba Ukucamngca nguMarcus Aurelius.
I-5 yeyona nto ingcono yokucamngca nguMarcus Aurelius: Incwadi yoku-1
- Ivela kumama: ukuhlonela oothixo, isisa kunye nokuphepha kungekuphela nje ekwenzeni ububi, kodwa nasekufakeni iingcamango ezinjalo; ngaphezu koko, ukungonakali kwindlela yokuphila nokuba kude kwindlela yokuphila yesityebi”;
- “Ukusuka kukhokho wam: ndingazange ndiye kwizikolo zikarhulumente kwaye ndisebenzise abafundisi-ntsapho abalungileyo ekhaya, yaye eqonda ukuba, ngenxa yezo njongo, kuyimfuneko ukuchitha imali eninzi gqitha”;
- “Ndivela kumphathi wam: ndingaveli kwiqela eliBuhlaza okanye eliBlue, okanye umxhasi weparinularios okanye i-escutarios; ukunyamezela ukudinwa nokuba nezidingo ezimbalwa; ukusebenza ngomgudu wobuqu nokuzikhwebula kwimisebenzi egqithiseleyo, nokwamkela ukunyelisa ngokungafanelekanga”;
- "Ukusuka kwi-Fronto: ukumisa ukucinga malunga nokuba umona, ubuqhetseba kunye nokuhanahanisa kukazwilakhe kunjani, kwaye, ngokubanzi, abo phakathi kwethu babizwa ngokuba "yi-eupatrids", ngandlela-thile, abanakukwazi ukuthanda";
- "Ukusuka kuCatullus: ukunganikeli kubaluleka kancinci kwisikhalazo somhlobo, nokuba kwenzeka ukuba kungenasiseko, kodwa uzama ukudibanisa ubudlelwane obuqhelekileyo; indumiso enobubele yabafundisi-ntsapho, njengoko kukhunjulwa ukuba uDomitius noAthenodotus benjenjalo; "Uthando lokwenene kubantwana."