
Lithini ibali elifutshane
Ibali elifutshane luhlobo lwesicatshulwa soncwadi esibonakala ngobufutshane baso obugqithileyo kunye nokukwazi ukubalisa ibali elipheleleyo okanye ukuvelisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumfundi ngamagama ambalwa nje. Olu hlobo, nokwaziwa ngokuba "libali elifutshane", lifumene ukuthandwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokuqhelana nezingqisho zokufunda zangoku.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, i-intanethi kunye namajelo eendaba ezentlalo zenze abafundi bangabahoyi, nto leyo ebenza bathande iincwadi ezineeploti ezimfutshane. Ngaloo ndlela, i-microstories ziye zaba sisixhobo esisisiseko sokuqhubeka nokukhuthaza intetho yoncwadi kunye nokuyifunda, ibeka umngeni wokuyila kubabhali.
Iimpawu zebali elincinci
Ubuzala
Ubungakanani be Ibali elincinci inokwahluka ukusuka kumagama ambalwa ukuya ubuninzi bamagama angama-200 okanye angama-300. Abanye ababhali bade bangene nakwindawo yebali elincinci, elaziwa ngokuba yi "hyper-brief micro-story," elinokuba nesivakalisi esinye. Kakade ke, ukuze olu hlobo lokubalisa lusebenze, kufuneka kubekho inqanaba elithile lobuchule kumsebenzi walo.
Ukuxinana
Kwibali elifutshane, igama ngalinye libalulekile. Ulwimi kufuneka luchaneke, lube nentsingiselo kwaye lukhethwe ngononophelo ukudlulisa olona lwazi lukhulu ngenani lamagama ambalwa. Oku kulapho kanye ukuntsonkotha okubandakanyekayo ekubhaleni kungena khona, kuba, ukufikelela kwimpembelelo enkulu, ukuziqhelanisa rhoqo kuyimfuneko.
I-Narración
Nangona lifutshane, ibali elifutshane ligcina izinto ezibalulekileyo zebali elide: abalinganiswa, impixano kunye nesiphumo. Nangona kunjalo, La macandelo anokuthi anikezelwe ngokungafihlisiyo okanye ahlulwe, ukushiya indawo yokuba umfundi athathe inxaxheba esebenzayo ekwakhiweni kwentsingiselo yomsebenzi.
Impact
Ibali elifutshane lijonge ukuvelisa impendulo ekhawulezileyo nenamandla kumfundi. Olu hlobo lombhalo luzama ukumangalisa, ukuvuselela, ukuphazamisa okanye ukushiya umboniso onzulu. Ngaloo ndlela, Impembelelo idla ngokufezekiswa ngeziphelo ezivulekileyo, ukujika okungalindelekanga okanye ulwimi oluvuselela iimvakalelo ezinkulu.
Intsebenziswano kunye nengcebiso
Ngenxa ye-laconicism, ibali elifutshane lihlala lisebenzisa izalathiso zenkcubeko, zoncwadi okanye zembali ekufuneka umfundi aziqonde ukuze abambe ngokupheleleyo umyalezo wesicatshulwa. Ngaphandle koko, ukushiyiwa kunye nengcebiso bubuchule obuqhelekileyo obudala intsingiselo ebanzi ngento ethethwa ngokucacileyo.
Imvelaphi kunye nendaleko
Ibali elifutshane lineengcambu zamandulo. Uninzi lwezithethe ezithethwayo nezibhaliweyo, ezinje ngeentsomi, ii-aphorisms, kunye nee-epigrams, zabelana ngokufana ngolu hlobo loncwadi. Nangona kunjalo, ibali elifutshane lanamhlanje Njengoko sisazi ukuba yavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. kunye nababhali abaye bazama ukungabikho kwemali njengendlela yokucela umngeni kwiingqungquthela zokubalisa.
Omnye weyona mizekelo ibalaseleyo kwaye ihlala ichazwa ngayo U-Ernest Hemingway libali elifutshane: "Ndithengisa izicathulo zomntwana, ezingasetyenziswanga." Nangona ubunyani balo buxoxwa, eli bali liye lanconywa ngokukwazi kwalo ukucebisa ibali elipheleleyo ngamagama ambalwa kakhulu.
Ababhali abanjengoJorge Luis Borges, uAugusto Monteroso, uJuan José Arreola kunye noAna María Shua baye baba sisiseko. kuphuhliso lwebali elincinci kuncwadi lwaseLatin America. Iitekisi zakhe ezimfutshane zihlola imixholo yefilosofi, emangalisayo kunye nemihla ngemihla, ebonisa ukuguquguquka kohlobo.
Ubume bebali elincinci
Nangona kungekho sakhiwo sisisigxina sebali elincinci, izinto ezithile eziqhelekileyo zinokuchongwa kuzo zonke ezikhoyo:
Ukuqala ngokukhawuleza
Amaxesha amaninzi, ibali elifutshane iyaqala kwii-Medias res embindini wentshukumo- ekuvumela ukuba ubambe umdla womfundi ukusuka kwigama lokuqala.
Uqoqosho olubalisayo
Iinkcukacha zesibini zisusiwe okanye zicetyiswe ngokungafihlisiyo. Obu buchule bunyanzela umfundi ukuba azalise izithuba ngentelekelelo yakhe.
Isiphelo esinamandla
Isiphumo sebali elifutshane sikholisa ukumangalisa, engaqondakaliyo okanye eyothusayo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba le ndlela yokubhala iya kushiya uphawu olungacimekiyo kwabo bathanda amabali amafutshane.
Imixholo yeMicrostory
Ibali elifutshane linokujongana no-a uluhlu olubanzi lwezihloko, ukusuka kwimihla ngemihla ukuya kwengaqhelekanga. Ezinye izihloko eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
Okumangalisayo
Amabali achasene nemithetho yokwenyani, ukuphonononga umlingo, amandla angaphezu kwawemvelo okanye okungenangqondo.
Yonke imihla
Imiboniso kubomi bemihla ngemihla iboniswe ngokwembono yantlandlolo okanye ngokujija okungalindelekanga.
Uburharha
Amabali afuna ukuxhokonxa uncumo okanye ukuhleka ngokusebenzisa imidlalo yamagama, iimeko ezihlekisayo okanye isigqebelo.
Intlekele
Amabali ahambayo ngenxa yentlawulo yabo yeemvakalelo, ihlala inxulumene nelahleko, usizi okanye isithukuthezi.
Ukucamngca
Izicatshulwa ezigxile ekumemeni ukucamngca ngemiba yefilosofi, yezentlalo okanye ekhoyo.
Iingcebiso zokubhala ibali elifutshane
Ukubhala ibali elifutshane kunokuba ngumngeni ngenxa yemfuneko yokuhlanganisa ibali lonke ngelixa uphucula ulwimi. Ke ngoko, sinikezela ngeengcebiso ezinokunceda ukubhala kwakho.
Qala ngengcamango ecacileyo
Gqiba into ofuna ukuyidlulisela phambi kokuba uqalise ukubhala. Isenokuba ngumfanekiso, imeko, imvakalelo okanye ingcamango.
Sebenzisa ulwimi oluchanekileyo
Igama ngalinye kufuneka libe nentsingiselo, efakwe phantse ngotyando. Kuphephe ukungafuneki kwaye ukhethe amagama anikezela ngaphezulu kwenqanaba elinye lentsingiselo.
Kuphephe ukuchaza izinto ezininzi
Thembela kubuchule bomfundi ukutolika nokugqibezela ibali.
Dlala ngeziphelo
Amava ngeziphumo ezivulekileyo, eyothusayo okanye exhokonxa iingcinga.
uphonononge kwaye uhlele
Ubufutshane bufuna imfezeko. Hlaziya isicatshulwa sakho amaxesha amaninzi ukuze uqiniseke ukuba igama ngalinye liyimfuneko.
Eminye imizekelo
"Uthando?" nguJuan Ortiz
Ikati yakhe yayiyinto yonke kuMaría, umntu amthembayo kunye nenkampani yakhe kuphela. NgoLwesibini, walibala i-nebulizer yakhe emsebenzini. Uhlaselo lombefu lwambamba engalindelanga ezinzulwini zobusuku xa wayefe umzimba.
Xa bawufumanayo umzimba wakhe—kwiintsuku ezine emva kokuba efile—amalungu akhe athambileyo ayeqwengiwe.
Abathandi bekati benqabile ukukholelwa kwizihloko; loo mntu ulinene ebengenakwenza oko.
Nangona kunjalo, umkhuseli oqinileyo wekati uxelele into eyenzekayo kwintlekele yaseLos Andes ... Emva koko wonke umntu wazola, walibala ngokukhawuleza okwenzekayo kwaye wafumana ngokukhawuleza ikhaya lesilwanyana.
"Loop" nguJuan Ortiz
"Umntu nceda ucime ividiyo ... hayi kwakhona! "Nooo!" yayiyi-tweet engaqhelekanga kwiakhawunti yakhe, ebingasebenzi iiveki emva kokufa kwakhe.
Ukubulawa kwakhe kwakuyeyona nto ikhohlakeleyo kunye negazi eliye labhalwa kwiikhamera zokhuseleko. Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba ividiyo ibonakale, iye yasasazeka kuzo zonke iinethiwekhi.
«Akakazi ukuba kwenzekani ... akayiqondi. "Kuvakala kungaqhelekanga ukuphinda uphile kwaye ufe ngendlela elusizi - okwesibini ngesibini, ngokuphindaphindiweyo - ngalo lonke ixesha ukugula kwabantu kufuna ukubona ukuba kuphele njani konke," utshilo ophakathi kwindawo, ngaloo ndlela eqinisekisa umama wakhe. olona loyiko lubi.
"Serial" nguJuan Ortiz
INumeri 22:23-31 , iBhayibhile yayingaphazami, yinto nje yokuba akukho namnye owavula amehlo am. Izinja zaphinda zaphuma isifingo ngokukhonkotha kwazo. Yayilusuku lwesixhenxe lokuthuthunjiswa, ewe, kwiveki nje enye emva kokubulawa kukaYosefu.
Andizange ndiqonde nto. Ukuba bekungenjalo ngeyure ezimbini zokuphumla ngemini ngendigqibele ndiphambana. Ndajonga efestileni yabe ipakishwe izolile; Yayikuphela kwendlela yokuxolelanisa iinkohliso zakhe.
Ngoku ndikunye noJosé. Hayi, bekungafanelanga ndisele ezo pilisi zokulala.
Kubusuku besixhenxe emva kokuvuka, ndizama ukulumkisa umama, ukhala kakhulu ngenxa yam, kodwa izinja azikhonkothi ngokwaneleyo. Akajonganga festile namhlanje, umbulali uyayazi kwaye sele enyanzele umnyango wakhe.
"Limbo" nguJuan Ortiz
Ngaloo ntsasa wayalela isiqhelo, ehlala, yedwa, itafile eqhelekileyo. Uncumo lwakhe olukhohlakeleyo kubusuku bangaphambili luqhubekile.
"Uxolo, ndingahlala phantsi?" yabuza indoda ephethe iglasi, iphephandaba kunye nekofu esandleni.
“Ngokuqinisekileyo, likhona igumbi,” waphendula encumile.
"Uzonwabela kakhulu, akunjalo, uCarlos?" wakhuza umntu wasemzini.
-Ingaba uthetha ngantoni? Ulazi njani igama lam!? —Waphendula uCarlos, othukile.
"Kubafazi babanye abantu, ngokucacileyo," indoda engaqondakaliyo yaphendula ngokungaqhelekanga, iphethe ivolovolo phantsi kwephephandaba. Bayalela ukuba lucinywe olo ncumo… kodwa namhlanje usindisiwe, baninzi abantu. “Lumka,” watsho, emva koko wemka. UCarlos wathula.
Sele kudlule iminyaka elishumi, uCarlos usaphefumla, kodwa ukuzola kwakhe akukabuyi, noncumo lwakhe alukabuyi.
Eminye imizekelo edumileyo yamabali amafutshane
"IDinosaur" nguAugusto Monteroso
Xa evukayo, idayinaso yayisekhona.
"Isiphelo" nguJosé de la Colina
Ekugqibeleni, kwasala kuphela i-echo yesithonga sompu.
"Umbane obethe kabini kwindawo enye" nguAugusto Monteroso
Kwakha kwakho umbane kabini ndaweni-nye; Kodwa wafumanisa ukuba owokuqala wenze umonakalo owaneleyo kangangokuba wawungaseyomfuneko, yaye wadandatheka kakhulu.
"Iingelosi" nguEspido Freire
Elowo kubo bemi ekoneni yesingqengqelo, bemgcina ethandaza, elala ubusuku ngabunye. Kanye bafuna ukuzibonakalisa. Le nkwenkwana yaqalisa ukukhala kwaye unina wazama ukuyiqinisekisa ukuba izilo azikho. Zazithoba iintloko zazo, zineentloni, zabufihla ububi bazo emva kwamaphiko azo.
"Ileta evela kumthandi" nguJuan José Millás
Kukho iinoveli ezinokuthi ngaphandle kokuthatha ixesha elide zingenakuqala kude kube kwiphepha lama-50 okanye lama-60. Kwenzeka into efanayo kubomi babanye. Yiyo loo nto ndingazange ndizibulale ngaphambili, Mhlekazi.
"Umgangatho kunye nobungakanani" ngu-Alejandro Jodorowsky
Akazange athandane naye, kodwa ngesithunzi sakhe. Wayeza kumtyelela ekuzeni kokusa, xa isithandwa sakhe sasikhulile.
"Iapile" nguAna María Shua
Utolo olujulwe nguWilliam Thelela umnqamlezo ochanekileyo wahlula i-apile esele iza kuwa phezu kwentloko kaNewton kubini. UEva uthabatha esinye isiqingatha aze esinye anike inkosikazi yakhe ukuze yonwabele inyoka. Le yindlela umthetho womxhuzulane ongazange uqulunqwe ngayo.
Ibali elifutshane kwixesha ledijithali
Ibali elifutshane lifumene umhlaba ochumileyo kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo kunye namaqonga edijithali. Ubufutshane bayo buyenza ilungele ukwabelwana ngayo kwiindawo ezifana ne-Twitter, apho umlinganiswa anciphisa umngeni kubabhali ukuba bashwankathele kwaye bayile. Oku, endaweni yokubuyisela umva, kuthetha ukuguqulwa kweenkqubo zombhali ngamnye, isimemo sokuba sibe yinyani.
Ngaphaya koko, le fomu yoncwadi iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nendlela yokuphila yangoku, apho abafundi bajonge umxholo okhawulezayo nokulula ukuwusebenzisa. Oku kukhokelele ekwandeni kokhuphiswano, anthologies kunye neeprojekthi ezigxile kuphela kumabali amafutshane. Nangona kunjalo, Ubulula bayo obucacileyo akufunekanga bubhidaniswe nokungabinamsebenzi okanye ukuhla kobugcisa.