Akuyomfihlo nakubani na ukuba ukubalisa amabali bubugcisa ngokwako. Iinoveli ezinde, ezifana Iimbandezelo, nguVictor Hugo okanye Abazalwana bakaKaramazov, nguFyodor Dostoevsky, baye bahla kwiingxelo zoncwadi njengobugcisa bokwenene. Kodwa kukho amabali athi, aqala kwimigca emifutshane embalwa, akwazi ukubonisa ubomi obupheleleyo, kuquka konke ukuntsonkotha kwawo.
“Kunokwenzeka njani oku?” Abanye baya kubuza, ekubeni kuyinto engenakuphepheka ukucinga ngayo njengomsebenzi ofanelekela iinkcuba-buchopho. Kwaye ukuba: Amabali amafutshane abhalwe kakuhle—akukho nto yimbi kwaye akukho nto ingaphantsi—amathontsi aqaqambileyo. izifundo zolwimi. Abanye ababhali ababalaseleyo ekuqhubeni olu hlobo nguJorge Luis Borges, uJulio Cortázar kunye noSantiago González Pedraza omncinci.
Lithini ibali elifutshane
Amabali amafutshane—ingakumbi xa ethetha ngokuthe ngqo ngebali elifutshane loncwadi—a amabali amafutshane, acwangcisiweyo ajolise ekubaleni ibali eliyintsomi kusetyenziswa ulwimi. Esi sixhobo sibandakanya iindidi ezifana nentsomi, intsomi, ibali elifutshane, inoveli kunye ne-epic. Olu hlobo lwesicatshulwa lwakha abalinganiswa, izithuba, amaxesha kunye neenjongo kwasekuqaleni.
Ibali elifutshane linokusebenzisa ilizwi elinye okanye ngaphezulu ababalisayo, kunye Ifuna ubuchule obukhulu ukuze kungabikho lahleko yentsingiselo, kunikwe ubufutshane besicatshulwa. Ngokunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwentelekelelo kunye nobuchule obungasikelwanga mda kwenziwa kusukelo lokubonisa amabali anokuthi asekelwe kwinto yokwenene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isakhiwo siya kuhlala sixhomekeke kumbhali, kunye nohlobo lomsebenzi.
Iimpawu eziphambili zebali elifutshane
Ukwahlula ibali elifutshane kwamanye amaninzi, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo ezahlukileyo, ezenziwe zezi ngongoma zilandelayo:
Inani lamagama
Kubonakala kucacile, akunjalo? Nangona kunjalo, kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ukuba, ukuze ibali lithathwe "elifutshane", Inani lamagama abhalwe kuyo akufunekanga lidlule kumagama angama-1700. Olu hlobo lwesicatshulwa lufuna ukuba izivakalisi zibhalwe ngokuyilayo nangokucacileyo. Ukusebenzisa izivakalisi ezifutshane kunceda iimeko zikhule ngokukhawuleza.
Enye indlela yokukhangela ubude bebali elifutshane
Enye indlela yokwazi ukuba lifutshane kangakanani ibali kukusebenzisa inani lamaphepha. Ngaloo ndlela, Okubhaliweyo akufuneki kube ngaphezu kwamaphepha amahlanu ubude. kuba, ukuba kunjalo, besiya kuthetha ngebali ngokwalo. Umzekelo woku unokuba Intliziyo yokubalisa, ngu-Edgar Allan Poe, leyo, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlelo, inamaphepha amane kuphela, okanye ngaphantsi.
Ukubonakaliswa kongquzulwano
Kwibali elifutshane, impixano yeploti mayinikwe kwasekuqaleni, kwaye iphuhlisa njengoko ibali liqhubeka. Ngaphezu koko, oku kuthunyelwa kufuneka kubandakanye bonke abalinganiswa ngokukhawuleza, ukwenzela ukuba ukudibanisa kuqhutywe kwinqanaba elifanayo, ngenjongo yokufumana umphumo wesingqisho kumdlali ngamnye.
Bangaphi abalinganiswa ibali elifutshane?
Ukwenzela umbhali lula—kwaye njengombandela wokungaguquguquki— Kuyimfuneko ukuba iploti ingaquki ngaphezu kwabalinganiswa abathathu okanye abane. Isizathu silula kakhulu: ukubandakanywa kwabadlali abaninzi kunokuphazamisa umfundi kumsebenzi oyinyaniso webali: ukubalisa ibali. Kwimeko yolu hlobo lwesicatshulwa, iziganeko ngokwazo zibaluleke ngaphezu kwabalinganiswa.
Isiqalo esinamandla
Ngokubanzi, Kucetyiswa ukuba amabali amafutshane aqale ngamandla kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ngesivakalisi okanye umhlathi umema isenzo kwasekuqaleni. Ngokunjalo, isiphumo sibonakala ngokuvela ngendlela engalindelekanga, okanye ngesiganeko esidlulisa impembelelo enkulu kumfundi. Ngamafutshane, ibali elifutshane akufuneki liqikeleleke okanye libe nezigcwalisi.
Uhlobo lolwimi olusetyenziswa kwibali elifutshane
Iqulathe amagama ambalwa, ababhali abaninzi bakhetha ukusebenzisa ulwimi olunenkcubeko, osisityebi, enika umfundi ithuba lokufumana amagama amatsha aze aqhelane nesichazi-magama esimshukumisela ukuba enze uphando. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kusekho ababhali abagxile kwiindlela zomthonyama ngakumbi, bade bakhethe ukusebenzisa i-slang.
Iinxalenye zebali elifutshane
Umxholo
Ibhekisa kwisiseko esisisiseko sebali, esisebenza njengeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo umsebenzi. Ngokuba nomxholo othile, Iingxoxo, izenzo, iingxabano kunye nezinto zabalinganiswa ziya kulungelelaniswa phantsi kwe-nuance efanayo, elizalisa naliphi na ibali ngobunyani kunye nokuhambelana.
Impikiswano
Amaxesha amaninzi, kulula ukubhida ingxabano kunye nomxholo, kodwa zombini zinemibono eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, Kwibali elifutshane elothusayo, intandabuzo ngumxholo, ngelixa iyelenqe ngumnqweno wombulali we-serial ukuhlasela abathandanayo ababini kwi-cabin ehlathini. Ngamanye amazwi: isakhiwo sebali simisela zonke iziganeko ezinxulumene neploti.
Ungquzulwano
Le yeyona ngongoma inomdla kuye wonke umfundi. Idla ngokuchazwa njengengxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe ngabalinganiswa, ephela inika intsingiselo kubukho bebali. Ngokufanayo, Kuqhelekile ukuba ungquzulwano lungaze lusonjululwe, ngokwenza njalo kuqinisekiswe ukuba ibali elifutshane ekuthethwa ngalo linesiphelo esivulekileyo, nto leyo esetyenziswa kakhulu kumabali antsonkothileyo.
Abalingiswa
Umdla ngabalinganiswa kumabali amafutshane kukuba banokumelwa ngabalinganiswa, izilwanyana okanye izinto. Ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, Bathanda ukubonakala ngakumbi ngezenzo zabo kunye neengxoxo kunembonakalo yabo, Ngoko ke, ngokubhekiselele kulo mva, umbhali unokukhetha ukwenza inkcazo emfutshane ngabalinganiswa bakhe, okanye enze ngaphandle kwayo konke.
Imizekelo yezona ncwadi zigqwesileyo zamabali amafutshane
- Iintsomi, nguAnton Chekhov;
- Iindaba zaseNew York, nguO. Henry;
- Gqibezela amabali, nguEdith Wharton;
- IziKronike zikaMartian, nguRay Bradbury;
- Incwadi yokucoca abafazi, nguLucia Berlin;
- Imibhalo emnyama eyenziweyo kunye neminye, nguFlannery O'connor;
- Bonke babasa umlilo, de UJulio Cortazar;
- Ndibaxelela bonkes, nguRaymond Carver;
- U lonwabo, nguMary Lavin;
- Indawo enye, izinto ezifanayo, nguTim Gautreaux;
- umbono webinocular, nguEdith Pearlman;
- Ithafa Elitshisayo, nguJuan Rulfo;
- Amabali angaqhelekanga, nguRoald Dahl;
- Reginald, nguSaki;
- Uthando lwezikhova, nguJosé Jiménez Lozano.