Ucazululo lwabalinganiswa abaphambili nabasesekondari kwimisebenzi yoncwadi
Kuncwadi, abalinganiswa ziintsika ekwakhelwa kuzo amabali. Enoba ngoyena unyuliweyo, igorha elilusizi, umchasi, umbalisi wengqina, okanye umntu wesibini obonakala engenamsebenzi, umlinganiswa ngamnye uzalisekisa—okanye ufanele azalisekise—umsebenzi othile ekuphuhlisweni kweploti. Ukuze uziqonde ngcono, kukho uhlalutyo lwesixhobo soncwadi.
Uhlalutyo lwabalinganiswa abaphambili kunye nabasesekondari luvumela, kokubini kubafundi nakubahleli nabagxeki, baqonde ngcono ubume nomyalezo womsebenzi, kunye nokuphonononga iimbekiselo, umfuziselo, kunye nesayikholoji yebali. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuphononongeni iimpawu, imisebenzi, kunye nemizekelo ecacileyo yabalinganiswa kuncwadi, kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nendaleko.
Ucazululo lwabalinganiswa abaphambili nabasesekondari kwimisebenzi yoncwadi
Abalinganiswa abaphambili: imo yeemvakalelo kunye nebali
Ziyahlulwa ngenxa yokuba zezo apho isenzo, impixano kunye nenguqu ngaphakathi komsebenzi zigxininiswe.Aba badla ngokuba ngabalinganiswa, abachasi, okanye abantu abakhohlakeleyo, nangona kwiincwadi ezidibeneyo, umsantsa phakathi kwabo unokufiphala de uphele.
Umsebenzi wokubalisa
Umlinganiswa ophambili—odla ngokuba ngumlinganiswa oyintloko— yindawo yereferensi yeemvakalelo zomfundiYonke into eyenzekayo ibonakala ngamehlo akhe, kwaye ukwenza kwakhe izigqibo kunye nophuhliso luchaza imixholo ephambili yesicwangciso. Umlinganiswa oyintloko udla ngokujamelana neengxaki ezimnyanzela ukuba atshintshe, adale, okanye, kwezinye iimeko, angaphumeleli. Ugxa wakhe ngumchasi, omele amandla amqhubela ekubeni enze isigqibo.
Ubuntu
Enye yezona nkqubo zimnandi kakhulu kulwakhiwo lwesicatshulwa esibalisayo sinento yokwenza nokwakhiwa komlinganiswa oyintloko. Kufuneka ibonelelwe ngobunzulu bengqondo kunye nezizathu ezicacileyo., ukuphikisana, iminqweno, uloyiko, kunye nebali lomntu ngaphaya kwesicwangciso somsebenzi. Ezi zinto zivumela umfundi ukuba avelane nomlinganiswa, naxa izenzo zakhe zingaqondakali. Nangona kunjalo, ukufezekisa umsebenzi olungileyo, umbhali kufuneka azi i-protagonist yabo.
Umzekelo ocacileyo woku ngasentla nguRaskolnikov, umlingisi oyintloko we Ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezohlwayoUkucaphula le noveli izihlandlo ezininzi akuyonto yanto yanto, njengoko ukwakhiwa kwayo yenye yezona zinto ziqaqambileyo kuncwadi lwehlabathi. I-protagonist yayo iyazabalaza phakathi kwetyala kunye nokuthetheleleka kwefilosofi yolwaphulo-mthetho, i-dichotomy enika umbhali kunye nombhali amandla okuphonononga imixholo efana nentlawulelo, ukuziphatha, kunye nohlobo lwezenzo ezimbi zoluntu.
Utshintsho lweArch
Enye yezinto eziphambili zabalinganiswa abaphambili abafundwa kakhulu zizifundiswa yi-arc yabo emangalisayo: inkqubo yotshintsho abayifumanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni komsebenziInto enomdla yee-arcs ezibalisayo kukuba zinokunyuka, zikhokelela kwinguqu efanelekileyo, okanye yehla, ibuyele kwisimo sokuqala, kodwa ngokuziqonda okukhulu.
Abalinganiswa besibini: umsebenzi wesakhiwo kunye nomfuziselo
Kwelinye icala, sinabalinganiswa abakwisibini, abathi, nangona bekhona kwimida yebali, Badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisicatshulwa soncwadiUmlinganiswa oxhasayo akanako kwaye akafanele ukuba ngumhombiso nje okanye ubutyebi; kunokuba, kufuneka basebenze njengezinto ezibangela impixano, amazwi angamanye, iisimboli, okanye imiboniso yobuntu bomlinganiswa oyintloko, izimo zengqondo, kunye nengqondo.
Ukwahluka kwemisebenzi
Njengoko sele sixubushile kumanqaku angaphambili, Abalinganiswa abaxhasayo banokuba ngamahlakani, Amanani abazali okanye i-comic reliefs. Imisebenzi yabo ephambili kukudala imithombo yokuchasana, ukuhambelana, ukukhapha, kunye nokucela umngeni kwi-protagonist, ukutyebisa ihlabathi elibalisayo, okanye ukwenza ibali libe nokholo ngakumbi.
En UDon Quijote waseLa Mancha, ISancho Panza ingaphezulu kwe-squire, Izenzo zakhe, indlela acinga ngayo, kunye nentetho yakhe ezolileyo imela ingqiqo ngokungafaniyo nempambano enqwenelekayo yomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni. Ilizwi lakhe eliphakamileyo kunye nokuvela ngokuthe ngcembe kudala uxinezeleko oluphawula umsebenzi njengowona ubalaseleyo kulo lonke uncwadi lweSpanishi.
Ukuchwetheza nobunzulu
Ngelixa abanye abalinganiswa besibini bakhiwe kwii-archetypes okanye kwi-stereotypes, njengomhlobo othembekileyo, umntu ongumama, okanye indoda endala elumkileyo, Ababhali abaninzi babanika iinuances ukubathintela ekubeni bazive bengaphaya.Umlingiswa oxhasayo owakhiwe kakuhle uneengxabano zakhe zangaphakathi, izikhuthazo, kunye nophuhliso, nokuba azibonakali njengezo ze-protagonist.
Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngulowo kaSam Gamgee kwi INkosi yamakhonkcoUngomnye wabahlobo abakhule kakuhle kwintsomi: unobubele, ukhaliphile, kwaye unikwe ukukhula ngokweemvakalelo okumenza umntu obalulekileyo kuhambo lukaFrodo, ngelixa ekwanceda ukuqhubela phambili ibali.
Intsebenziswano phakathi kweprayimari neyesekondari
Esinye sezitshixo kuhlalutyo loncwadi kukufunda ubudlelwane phakathi kwabalinganiswa abaphambili kunye nabasesekondari. Olu nxibelelwano luguqula isicatshulwa kwaye luveze imiba efihlakeleyo yobuntu bomlinganiswa oyintloko. Umzekelo, ngaphakathi Hamlet Kwinoveli kaShakespeare, umlinganiswa ophambili uchazwa ikakhulu ngokusebenzelana kwakhe nabalinganiswa besibini abafana noHorace, Ophelia, Claudius, kunye noLaertes.
Umlinganiswa ngamnye okhankanywe apha ngasentla usebenza njengomfanekiso okanye ifoyile yeengcinga, iminqweno kunye nezigqibo zikaHamlet. Ke ngoko, ukuziphatha okungaqhelekanga, okugqithisileyo, okanye okuguqukileyo kunokubonwa: Ukuphambana kuka-Ophelia kuqaqambisa ukungaqondakali kwengqondo komlinganiswa oyintloko, ngoxa ukubanda kukaKlawudiyo kugxininisa ingxaki yokuziphatha yenkosana yaseDanish.
Imbali yendaleko yabalinganiswa
Kuyo yonke imbali yoncwadi, ukuqondwa kwabalinganiswa kuye kwatshintshaKwiintlekele zamaGrike okanye ii-epics zamaxesha aphakathi, abantu basentsomini babeyimiqondiso yokuziphatha okanye abantu basentsomini, kwaye ubunzulu babo bengqondo bulinganiselwe ngumsebenzi wabo ongumzekelo okanye wamaqhawe, kodwa, njengoko siza kuphawula ngezantsi-kwaye njengoko abafundi abanomdla kakhulu baya kuba nako ukubona-iindima azizange zibambe ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokukhula kwenoveli yanamhlanje, Ingakumbi ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya phambili, abalinganiswa baye bantsonkotha ngakumbi yaye babe ngokoqobo.Ababhali abanjengoTolstoy, uBalzac, uCharles Dickens, kunye noHenry James baqala ukuphonononga iimvakalelo, ukuphikisana kwezentlalo, kunye neengqondo zengqondo, kwaye oku kwaba nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcubeko eyaziwayo.
Kwinkulungwane yama-20 neye-21, ngokunyuka kweentshukumo ezifana nobukhona, i-postmodernism kunye nobunyani bomlingo, Abalinganiswa basenokuqhekeka, badideke okanye bangazinzi. Kwiincwadi zanamhlanje, into efunwayo ayisoloko iyinguqu ecacileyo, kodwa kunoko ukubonakaliswa kwesiphithiphithi sangaphakathi okanye ukungabi nangqiqo.