
Umendo wobomi
Umendo wobomi -okanye Beka 'zhizni, ngesihloko sayo sokuqala ngesiRashiya—ngumsebenzi wokugqibela wombhali wemidlalo yeqonga oyintsomi, umbhali wezincoko, isithandi sobulumko nombhali uLeo Tolstoy. Le ncwadi yaqala ukupapashwa emva kokufa kwakhe ngo-1911, unyaka emva kokufa kombhali. Kuyo, uqokelela, aphuhlise kwaye enze nzulu iingcamango zakhe kunye nokuphikisana malunga nokuziphatha komntu kunye nokomoya.
Le mixholo yaba nomdla ngakumbi kuye kwiminyaka yakhe yokugqibela, kwaye wayiphonononga ngentshiseko enkulu kangangokuba wada wayilahla imisebenzi yakhe yangaphambili, egcina ukuma okuqinileyo okutyekele kwimikhwa efana nemifuno kunye ne-anarchism yamaKristu yobuKristu. Kwi Umendo wobomi ijongana neembonakalo ezifanayo nezo ziphakanyisiweyo Ubukumkani bukaThixo bukuni.
Isishwankathelo se Umendo wobomi
Ukuphumla kokomoya kukaTolstoy
Ngokungafaniyo nemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu yoncwadi, njenge UAna Karenina o Imfazwe noxolo, le ncwadi yingqokelela yeengcamango zefilosofi. Umendo wobomi Iphantse ibe yincwadana apho umbhali ehlola imibuzo esisiseko yobukho kunye nokuziphatha komntu.. Umthamo wenziwe ngeethiyori kunye nezigqibo zokuba UTolstoy efunyenwe malunga nokuncipha kwayo.
Ngalo lonke eli xesha, umbhali uye watyhubela ingxubakaxaka yokomoya eyakhokelela ekubeni aphinde acinge ngendawo yakhe ehlabathini noxanduva awayenalo, njengomntu, ukuze aphile ubomi bangaphakathi nobangaphandle obusondele kwiimfundiso zobuKristu. Le nkqubo iphelele yabonakala kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwindlela yokuziphatha, iinkolelo, izenzo zonqulo kunye nokholo.
Imvelaphi kwiNdlela yoBomi
Nangona kuyinyani ukuba uTolstoy waphuhlisa ngakumbi ezi zinkolelo ebudaleni bakhe, ezikhwebula kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, kukwayinyaniso ukuba, kwiinoveli zakhe zokuqala, kwakusele kukho imisila yokungaphumli kwakhe. Kwi UAna Karenina, umzekelo, U-Levin uyasokola kumzabalazo wokuziphatha otyhila imfuno yakhe yokwamkela ubomi obulula. ngokungafaniyo nobunzulu besixeko esikhulu.
Ukuthanda ubomi emaphandleni, uxolo, umsebenzi owenziwa ngezandla zikabani nokuzinikela kummelwane kabani kwakusele kuyinxalenye yendlela yakhe yokucinga, njengoko kwakunjalo nangokulahlwa kogonyamelo namaziko engcinezelo. Ingayiyo, Umendo wobomi asiyonguquko kwibali lombhali, kodwa kunoko ukudityaniswa kwexabiso ebekudala kwakhiwa.
Owona mnqophiso woncwadi kwimbali
Ngeendlela ezininzi, Umendo wobomi, ekubeni yabhalwa ebudeni beli nqanaba lomsebenzi kaTolstoy, inokumela itestamente yakhe yokuziphatha nentanda-bulumko. Kuyo, umbhali akaneli nje ukwabelana ngezimvo zakhe, kodwa kwaneengcinga kunye nokucaphula kwabanye ababhali abathandayo, nto leyo eyenza le ncwadi ibe luhlobo lwesikhokelo esizama ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo entsonkothileyo nesisiseko.
Eyona mixholo iphindaphindiweyo kuyo ithande ukuba bubomi kunye nokulunga kokuphila nokuphila. Nangona kubonakala kunqabile, wonke umntu Le miba yamava yahlulahlulwe kwaye yongezwa kunye ukubandakanya izinto ezahlukeneyo zemeko yomntu, ukuqala kwiimfundiso zikaYesu, ngakumbi ezo zibhekisa kwi intshumayelo yasentabeniukusuka IVangeli likaMateyu (5: 1; 7: 28).
Imixholo ephambili ekujongwe kuyo emsebenzini
Ukubaluleka kokholo lwangaphakathi
KuTolstoy, ukuthanda izinto zokomoya kwakuyindlela yokuphila, ngoko kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba ibe nento yokwenza neenkonzo zamaziko. Kwi Umendo wobomi, ukuthi ngqo, Umbhali uphonononga imbono yokuba ukholo lokwenyani lukulweyiseko lwangaphakathi olukwaziyo ukukhokela abantu ekwenzeni okulungileyo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kweenkampani kunye neemfundiso esele zimiselwe.
Imfesane njengendlela yokuzuza uthando lokwenene
Umbhali wayeyiqonda indlela ukuqonda novelwano kwabanye kusisiqalo sendlela, umgaqo ekufuneka ukhokele ubomi bomntu. Ngaloo ndlela, Wayelugxeka kakhulu ubundlobongela kunye nasiphi na isakhiwo esizinikele ekusebenziseni kakubi amandla aso. UTolstoy wathi uthando lukuphela kwendlela eya kubomi obunobulungisa nobanelisayo kubo bonke.
Umgaqo wokulahla
Esinye sezindululo eziphambili ze Umendo wobomi Bubungqongqo. Umbhali, owazalwa waza wakhulela kwintsapho yakudala yaseRashiya, kwiintsuku zakhe zokugqibela, Wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ubutyebi bezinto eziphathekayo nemali yayizizinto eziphelelwe lixesha ukuba oko kwakufunwa kukufumana ulonwabo noxolo lokomoya. Ngale ndlela, umbhali ubongoza umfundi ukuba azilahle izinto anazo.
Ukuphuhliswa kokuziphatha komntu
Ngokutsho kukaTolstoy, indlela eya kwisidima inokulandelwa ngokulula nje ukuba abantu banemigaqo engqongqo yokuziphatha. Kwincwadi yakhe, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuba abantu bathathe uxanduva ngezenzo zabo, ngaphandle kokutsalwa ngobumfama ziindlela zentlalo okanye zonqulo.
Sobre el autor
ULev Nikolaievich Tolstoy, owaziwa ngakumbi ngeSpanish njengoLeo Tolstoy, wazalwa ngoSeptemba 9, 1828, eYasnaya Polyana, iRhuluneli yaseTula, uBukhosi baseRashiya. Umsebenzi wakhe, ebizwa ngabaninzi njengeyona ncopho yokwenene, Baye bonyulwa kaninzi kwiBhaso leNobel kuLuncwadi., nangona olo lwazi lungazange lunikwe, nto leyo eye yabangela ukuba iziko lemfundo lithandabuzeke.
Ukhulele kwifama yentsapho yakhe nabazali bakhe kunye nabantakwabo abane. Ngowe-1944, waqala ukufunda uMthetho kunye neeLwimi zaseMpuma kwiYunivesithi yaseKazan., umsebenzi awawushiyayo waza waya eMoscow naseSaint Petersburg. Ngethamsanqa, waphela esebenza njengegosa elingathunywanga kwi-brigade yomntakwabo uNikolai. Nangona kunjalo, ikhefu ngenxa ye-rheumatism yamvalela, ngoko wazinikezela ekubhaleni.
Ezinye iincwadi zikaLeo Tolstoy
Novelas
- Ubuntwana (1852);
- Ukufikisa (1854);
- IJuventud (1856);
- ulonwabo lomtshato (1859);
- Cossacks (1863);
- Imfazwe noxolo (1869);
- UAnna Karenina (1878);
- Ukufa kukaIvan Ilyich (1886);
- I Kreutzer Sonata (1889);
- Resurrección (1899);
- Ikhuphoni yobuxoki (1911);
- Hadji Murat (posthumous, 1912).
Iintsomi
- "Uhlaselo" (1853);
- "Ukugawulwa kwehlathi" (1855);
- "Amabali aseSebastopol" (1855);
- "Isiqhwithi Snow" (1856);
- "Iihussars ezimbini" (1856);
- "Abathotywayo" (1856);
- "Kusasa umnini-mhlaba" (1856);
- «Ukususela kwiinkumbulo zeNkosana D. Nekhludov. Lucerne» (1857);
- "Albert" (1858);
- "Ukufa abathathu" (1859);
- "Políkushka" (1863);
- "Ibanjwa laseCaucasus" (1872);
- "Yintoni eyenza abantu baphile" (1881);
- "Iliás" (1885);
- "Ivan isidenge" (1885);
- "Abazalwana ababini kunye negolide" (1885);
- “Apho lukhoyo uthando, uThixo ukho” (1885);
- "Ungakanani Umhlaba Ufuneka Umntu" (1885);
- "Iintombi ezintathu" (1885);
- "Amadoda amabini amadala" (1885);
- "Jolstomer (Ibali ihashe)" (1886);
- "Ithuba elilahlekileyo" (1889);
- "Inkosi kunye nomkhonzi" (1895);
- "UBawo Sergio" (1898);
- "Emva komdaniso" (1903);
- "Ukumkani waseAsiriya uEsarhadon" (1903);
- "Imibuzo emithathu" (1903);
- "Aliosha Puchero" (1905);
- "Kornei Vasiliev" (1905);
- "Umthandazo" (1905);
- "Ubuthixo kunye nabantu" (1905);
- "Buddha" (1908);
- "Ingcuka" (1908);
- "Iingoma kwidolophana" (1909);
- "UMtyholi" (posthumous, 1911);
- "Iinkumbulo zomntu ophambeneyo" (posthumous, 1912).