
Yintoni ulwakhiwo lwesonnet?
I-sonnet yenye yeendlela ezaziwa kakhulu nezihlonitshwayo zemibongo yeengoma, kunye neenkulungwane zembali kunye nempembelelo enkulu kuncwadi kwihlabathi jikelele. Esi sakhiwo sombongo, esaqala e-Italiya ngexesha le-Renaissance, sibonakala ngokuntsonkotha kwayo okusesikweni kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuhambisa iimvakalelo kwisithuba esifutshane.
Kule minyaka, I-sonnet isetyenziswe zezinye zeembongi ezibalaseleyo zobu buchule, ukusuka ePetrarch ukuya kuShakespeare., igcina ukuthandwa kwayo. Ngokwesakhiwo, ezi nguqulelo zenziwe ngeendinyana ezili-14 zobugcisa obuphambili ezinamalungu ali-11 inye. Ahlulahlulwe ngokwezigaba ezi-4 zemvano-siphelo yemvano-siphelo, ezokuqala ezimbini kwezi-4 iivesi, zize ezinye zibe sisi-3.
Umxholo wembali yesonnet
Isonnet Ineengcambu zayo eSicily kwaye yathandwa yimbongi uPetrarch ngenkulungwane ye-14. Igama elahlulwe ngalo livela kwigama lesiFrentshi esidala elithi "sonet", elinciphisa "unyana". Kamva, oku kwamkelwa yiProvençal "sonet" kunye neTaliyane "sonetto". I-Etymologically, intsingiselo yayo iya kuba yinto efana ne "ingoma encinci" okanye "ingoma encinci."
Nangona olu hlobo lokwakheka lwavela e-Italiya, kunye neengcali ezifana ne-maestro Dante Alighieri, isakhiwo sayo satshintshwa kwaye sasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ngakumbi eSpain naseNgilani. Kula mazwe, ababhali ezifana Garcilaso de la Vega kunye William Shakespeare Bayisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo enkulu.
Iimpawu eziphambili zesonnet
I-sonnet yakudala iqulethe iindinyana ezili-14 ezisasazwa kwii-quatrains ezimbini-oko kukuthi. izitanza ezine iivesi zobugcisa obukhulu- kunye namawele amabini —oko kukuthi, izitanza zeendinyana ezintathu zobugcisa obuphambili—. Zonke izahlulo zingama-hendecasyllables, nangona iskimu semvano-siphelo sinokwahluka. Okulandelayo, siza kuchaza iimpawu zayo.
Iiquartets
Iivesi ezisibhozo zeekota ezimbini zokuqala zesonnet Badla ngokunikezela ngomxholo ophambili wombongo -kuzo ingcamango, imvakalelo yombhali, iphuhlisiwe.
Umzekelo
Ikota e-1 yesonnet XXIII (Garcilaso de la Vega)
"Ngoxa i-rose kunye nenyibiba
umbala uboniswa kwintshukumo yakho,
kwaye ukubonakala kwakho okunyanisekileyo, okunyanisekileyo,
"yitshisa intliziyo kwaye iyayinqanda"
Iintathu
Iivesi ezintandathu zeeteksi ezimbini eziseleyo zidla ngokusebenza njengesiphelo okanye umboniso wokugqibela wombongo.. Kweli candelo, imbongi iphuhlisa inguqu kwingxoxo okanye ivakalisa isisombululo. Inkqubo yerhyme yee-triplets inokwahluka ngaphezu kwezo zequatrains, kodwa ezona ziqhelekileyo yiCDE CDE okanye CDC DCD.
Umzekelo
I-1 yesithathu yaseBusika (Rubén Darío)
"Ngezihluzo zalo ezifihlakeleyo iphupha elimnandi liyamhlasela;
Ndingena ndingangxoli; Ndishiya idyasi yam engwevu;
"Ndiza kuncamisa ubuso bakho, bukhazimle kwaye buncoma."
Yintoni ulwakhiwo lwesonnet?
Ukuze uqonde eli candelo, kuyimfuneko ukucaca malunga namacandelo ayenzayo kunye neengcamango ezithile. Le yeminye yemigaqo enxulunyaniswa nesonnet:
iivesi eziphambili zobugcisa
Iivesi ezinazo 9 okanye ngaphezulu metric syllables. Oku kuchongwa ngoonobumba abakhulu ngokulandelelana kwealfabhethi - umzekelo: ivesi "ABBA".
Ngokuphathelele okokugqibela, Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba umzobo we-sonnet yaseNtaliyane ukhona, eyi-sonnet yobugcisa obuncinci, ngakumbi iivesi ezinamalungu asibhozo. Le ndlela yenza imvano-siphelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: abab abab cdc dcd.
Umzekelo wesonnet:
Iqhekeza "Omnye uAbheli", nguJuan Ortiz
"Ndiye ndatshata, ndaza ndanikezela
kwiziko lolungiselelo
ngaphandle komlinganiselo. ndathi kum
into enikwa sisithandwa esilumkileyo,
kude ngaphaya ewe
kwizinga eliphezulu; idayimani
ikhazimlisiwe kuyo yonke into: bendinjalo
Virgil, ndandikwaDante.
Ndiwufezile umlinganiselo endiwunikiweyo,
akufunyanwanga tyala kum;
nakumthandazo ontsonkothileyo
untywiliselwe echibini
-emqolo, yedwa-, hayi nakwindawo nganye
Ndithandaza kuThixo phantsi kwenyanga.
IRyme
Njengoko kuchaziwe kumacandelo angaphambili, Isicengcelezo esikwisonnet sidibanisa iziphelo zeevesi ukusuka kwisilabhili esigxininisiweyo. Eyona ndlela ixhaphake kakhulu yokulungelelanisa indibaniselwano yeendinyana ngoonobumba bealfabhethi ngokulandelelana kwayo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuba sazi ukuba zeziphi iivesi ezinemvano-siphelo enye kwenye. Umzekelo: isitanza sika-“ABBA” sibonisa ukuba ivesi yokuqala kufuneka idityaniswe neyesine neyesibini neyesithathu.
Ulwakhiwo lwesonnet
Iimpawu
Ivesi nganye yesonnet kufuneka ibe hendecasyllable, oko kukuthi, kufuneka yenziwe ngama-11 metric syllables.
izitanza
Iikota ezimbini kunye nee-triplets ezimbini.
IRyme
ABBA – ABBA – CDC – CDC.
QAPHELA
Kuyimfuneko ukukhumbula ukuba, ngeSpanish, iisonnethi zinokubonisa ukwahluka kwimvano-siphelo. Phakathi kwezona zixhaphakileyo zezi: CDE – CDE okanye CDE – DCE.
Iisonethi zePolymetric
Ibhekisa kwiisonethi ezineengoma zesihobe ezithi Bagcina isakhiwo se-metric samahhala, ukulungelelanisa ukuthanda kombhali. URubén Darío wayesaziwa ngokuzisebenzisa, yaye wayezibonisa izihlandlo eziliqela. Phakathi kwemibongo yakhe yesi simbo, indibaniselwano yakhe yeehendecasyllables kunye neheptasyllables igqamile.
Umxholo kunye nemixholo yesonnet
Nangona i-sonnet inesakhiwo esingqongqo kakhulu, sisithuthi esigqibeleleyo sokubonisa iimvakalelo zomntu. Ngokwemveli, Oku kusetyenziswe ukuvakalisa imixholo enjengothando, ukufa, ubuhle, ukuhamba kwexesha kunye nokucamngca kwefilosofi.
Umsantsa phakathi kwee-quartets kunye nee-triplets zihlala zisebenza njengendawo yokuguqula, apho ithoni okanye indlela yombongo inokutshintsha.
Ukubaluleka kwesonnet kuncwadi
Njengoko iinkulungwane zazidlula, I-sonnet ibe sisixhobo esiphambili sokuvakalisa iingcinga neemvakalelo ezinzulu.. Ubume bayo obuchanekileyo buvumela iimbongi ukuba zilungelelanise iingcamango zabo ngendlela ecacileyo kunye nocwangco, ngelixa umculo weendinyana ze-hendecasyllabic udala ingoma ekhangayo.
Kuncwadi lweSpanish, iimbongi ezifana noGarcilaso de la Vega, ULuis de Góngora kunye noFrancisco de Quevedo basebenzisa i-sonnet ukubonisa ubunzima bamava omntu wonke. Kwiincwadi zesiNgesi, ababhali abanjengoWilliam Shakespeare baphakamisa i-sonnet kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ukuhlola indalo kunye nokungqubuzana phakathi komnqweno kunye nengqiqo.
Namhlanje, I-sonnet ihlala iyindlela eyaziwayo phakathi kweembongi zangoku abafuna ukuphonononga imixholo yakudala okanye bafunisele ngezakhiwo zabo.
Imizekelo emithathu yeesonethi ngababhali abakhulu
Ukubalwa kweNiebla (Lope de Vega)
Umntwana othambileyo, umKristu omtsha uIsake
kwisanti yaseTarifa jonga
oyena uyise unomsindo, enomsindo
ukunyaniseka nothando ukulwa ngelize;
phakamisa ikrele kwisandla esoyikayo,
uloyiso oluzukileyo, uphosa ngokungenaloyiko;
Ilanga liyamfamekisa, iRoma iyazalwa, uthando luyancwina,
ISpain iyoyisa, umAfrika uyathula.
I-Italiya yehlisa ibunzi lakhe, kwaye ukusuka kwelakhe
Wathabatha eTorkato ilitye elinqabileyo legolide nobhedu;
kuba akukho Ser Guzmán uqhayisa.
Kwaye udumo, ukuqala kwakho,
UGuzmán the Good ubhala, ekubeni ngoko
i-inki yegazi kunye nemela yokubhala.
Sonnet XXXV (Garcilaso de la Vega)
UMario, uthando olungenambulelo, njengengqina
ngokholo lwam olunyulu kunye nokuqina kwam okukhulu,
esebenzisa ubume bakhe obungendawo kum,
okubangela ukukhubekisa ngakumbi kwabona banobuhlobo;
ukoyika ukuba ndibhale okanye nditsho
Ubume bakhe ndiya kubuthoba ubukhulu bakhe;
Amandla akhe awaneli kumnqamlezo wam
Usityhale isandla sotshaba lwam;
Kwaye ke, kwindawo apho isandla sokunene
iyalawula nakulowo uxelayo
Iingcamango zomphefumlo, ndenzakele.
Kodwa ndiya kuwenza lo mkhwa sithandwa
uhlawule umenzi wobubi, kuba ndiphilile,
ukhululekile, uphelelwe lithemba kwaye ukhubekile.
I-Sonnet 3: Jonga kwisibuko sakho, kwaye uxelele ubuso bakho (UWilliam Shakespeare)
Inguqulelo yeSpanish
Xelela ubuso obubonayo xa ujonge esipilini,
ukuba lixesha lokuba enze enye imodeli,
Ewe, ukuba imeko yayo entsha, ngoku awuyi kuhlaziya,
uya kulikhanyela ihlabathi nonina uzuko lwalo.
Iphi na inzwakazi, nesizalo sentombi;
ngubani odelela ukulinywa kwesenzo sakho somtshato?
Okanye liphi na igeza elifuna ukuba lingcwaba?
wokuzithanda nokuphepha inzala?
Isipili sikanyoko, oko ngokukujonga nje
Ivuselela u-Aprili omnandi, owawusentwasahlobo.
Ke, ngeefestile zeminyaka yakho uya kuba nakho ukubona,
Isipho sakho segolide, naphezu kwewaka lemibimbi yakho.
Kodwa ukuba uhlala wedwa, ukuze ungashiyi inkumbulo,
Yifa ungatshatanga kwaye uvumele umzobo wakho ufe nawe.
Imizekelo emithathu yeesonethi zoqobo
"Ndibe yindoda enethamsanqa", nguJuan Ortiz
(iiSonethi zikaBorgia)
I
Ndiye ndaba yindoda enethamsanqa.
Ngaba iitalente bezinokuxabisa ntoni?
ukuba ndiphuhlise ukuba iziganeko
idayisi ibingandikhokelela ekufeni?
Kukho ithamsanqa, ewe, ndingathetha kakhulu.
Akukho nto ibalulekileyo kum
ngaphezu kokuma wathi "Ewe"
kulo lonke ishishini elifunyenweyo, kuwo wonke umzabalazo.
Yintoni enokwenziwa ngumntu onethamsanqa elikhulu
ukuba babembonise ubukhulu
ithuba: ngaphandle kwethambo elaphukileyo,
ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunomhla
yonke imihla... kwakungekho kunqongophala ikofu okanye umoba,
okanye uthando oluzinikeleyo.
II
Ithamsanqa leetyuwa kunye nonxweme lwazo
iintsomi eziyintsomi, amaqokobhe econch,
yengabangaba, iigannet kunye namaza
ukuhlamba iinyawo ngembewu yayo.
Umbono wokuhamba nanini na,
xa iingxaki ziba buhlungu kakhulu,
kwaza kwabalelwa kwiirosari
asikelelwe ngamaxhegokazi ekulindeni kwawo.
Abantwana balindele ulwandle nomzabalazo walo;
imithandazo yokuphakamisa iinqanawa ezaphukileyo,
ukubiza imbaza kunye ne-botuto,
umthandazo walowo unikela yonke into ngokwakhe,
ilizwi elilungisayo, elizolileyo kunye nebheyile isikhephe
Uyakuthuthuzela ukukhala kwabo bonke abazilileyo.
III
Ndinethamsanqa ukundamkela mlobi,
Okokuqala, kweso siqithi singazange sibekho ngaphambili
ekuculwa kakhulu kwaye kucengcelezwe
naphi na apho kuhlala khona ukukhanya.
Ukuba bendizilimise ngomkhonto;
umnatha, umnatha, umnatha, umnatha;
kwaye ubale ukuba "Mijo, ungayenza"
lozuko lwam olungcwele kunye nokukhuliswa kwakhe ngamandla.
Ngethamsanqa, ukuba ayinguye omnye umntu ongasekhoyo
ngequbuliso kwiikona ezimnyama
uhlatywe emqolo wonzakele...
ukukhanya okufutshane kokuphila oko ubukufuna
kwaye uchukumise kancinci iindawo eziphakamileyo
phambi kokulala ukulibala okuqhelekileyo.
"Ipolymath enyanzelekileyo", nguJuan Ortiz
(iiSonethi zikaBorgia)
I
Ndiyavuma ukuba ndithathekile
kobu bomi bungaqhelekanga kunye namathuba abo,
ukuba ukuze soyise iilwandle zayo
Ndahamba ukusuka komnye umsebenzi ukuya komnye kwinkqubo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuhamba kwam,
ngaphambi kokuba uhambe phakathi kwamaqonga,
Ndishiye kule misebenzi ingumzekelo
ukuba baya kumela umsebenzi wam ofanelekileyo.
Ndandingenguye omnye wesihlwele, ndandingakwazi,
kuba isonka besixhomekeke kumsebenzi wam
yibulale indlu inimba
ukutyumza kwamathumbu; wayengomnye uAdam
ishiywe kwikamva lemihla ngemihla,
ndahlala ke ndahlala phakathi komnqweno nomnqweno.
II
Hayi, uyolo lwabazingisayo;
uhlala ukwindlela enye ebalulekileyo,
yintoni eyalelwe ikamva lam
Kwakwahlukile: ukuba ngomnye wabo banxibayo
ngokomoya kwabo bathi cwaka
ngokwendlala yelo xesha; ndidiniwe
ngamanye amaxesha, andiyikhanyeli, ngamanye amaxesha: ubungcwele;
Nangona kunjalo, andizange ndibe ngomnye wabo bahlaselayo,
kwabo batshabalalisayo ukuze kukhanye,
uhambo lwam beluhambelana neenkonzo,
ngowona mgangatho uphezulu wonikezelo
oyena ulungileyo kum; Bendingawahoyi amanyala,
ngaphandle, ngokungenakuphepheka, xa uthanda:
Isibhakabhaka saso esibanzi kunye namawa alo nzonzobila.
III
Izolo nje uLauro wayecengceleza,
uAlbéniz, uBach, uTárrega, uDíaz, uRiera,
ngezolo eli lirhamncwa elinobuqhetseba
ngeentsimbi ezibekekileyo, icentaur.
Akuzange kuthathe ixesha elide kwaye wayesele Minotaur
ukubukela i-inki emnyama ivutha umlilo
kwi-labyrinth kwivesi kunye ne-brine
phantsi komngcwabo we-taurus yomqondiso.
Emva phaya kwiminyaka, ihashe
kwindawo yemfazwe ye-chiaroscuro,
kwaye nangona ngamanye amaxesha ndibuya, andisazifumani,
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ndibuye ndizele, ndinyulu.
I-clamp ayindivumeli, i-callus,
amazwi, ubomi, udonga olulandelayo.
"Dimorphism", nguJuan Ortiz
(Borgian Sonnet)
Amaxesha amaninzi ndandihlala ecaleni kukaJudas,
abanye abaninzi, ndandimthengisile ngoKristu,
kwaye nangona izenzo zam zingacwangciswanga,
Iqhekeza umphefumlo ukuzazi, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo,
nokuqonda iinyaniso ezithile ezikrwada:
lowo nguKayin noAbheli bekwimizimba esele ilungile
ngenxa yobubi. Kwaye nangona kubonakala
ithamsanqa lam, ezinye iindawo zihamba ze:
uloyiko lokuthembela okufanayo
ukuzibona ndingaphakathi kwenye,
nethemba lokulungileyo, nokwazi okubi
kunye nokubaluleka kwayo okubanzi
kwimbali yalo mnombo wetyuwa
nokufikelela okuncinci ezulwini kunye nenzonzobila ebanzi.